The doctrine of sola gratia, or grace alone, is a central tenet of the Protestant Reformation, emphasizing that salvation is a gift from God, not something that can be earned through human effort. This concept is rooted in the teachings of Augustine, who argued that humanity is born in a state of moral inability, unable to achieve righteousness without God's help. The Pelagian controversy, which took place in the 5th century, highlighted the importance of this doctrine, as Pelagius argued that humans have the power to live perfect lives without God's grace.
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