The Pastor Who Tried To Kill Hitler: Bonhoeffer

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Because you're worth it. This is Lee Habib and this is Our American Stories. The show where America is the star and the American people and large numbers of Americans cite faith as one of the drivers of their life and this is one heck of a faith story.

It's about a German citizen who left the safety of American soil in order to sacrifice his own life by opposing Adolf Hitler. Eric Metaxas is the New York Times best-selling author of Bonhoeffer pastor, martyr, prophet, spy. Here's Eric with the story of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Bonhoeffer in a nutshell was born in 1906 into what must fairly be described as an absolutely spectacular family. For there's some great men that arise out of a vacuum not Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

He comes out of a truly great family. His father was the most famous psychiatrist in Germany for the first half of the 20th century. A very famous doctor and scientist Bonhoeffer's mother was a genius and all the brothers and sisters there were four boys and four girls all geniuses all married geniuses. His brother Carl Friedrich goes into physics and for Bonhoeffer going into physics means you will split the atom with Max Planck and Albert Einstein.

That's exactly what he did. Bonhoeffer's other brother became the legal head of Lufthansa. His sisters were geniuses they married geniuses on and on it goes. So he grows up in this family and at age 14 he shocks the family by announcing to them that he wants to be a theologian. They weren't so happy about this most of them the mother's father and the mother's grandfather were theologians. The grandfather was quite a famous theologian but but the father as a scientist wasn't so keen on this he was more of an agnostic but he had trained his kids rather strictly to think clearly to think like a scientist to follow the facts and the evidence and the logic where it leads so that you know what you believe that you don't think with your emotions you don't express yourself in cliches you think clearly you express yourself clearly at the Bonhoeffer dining room table you know if you didn't have something to say you would absolutely shut up. Now the family not only put a premium on thinking clearly and on expressing oneself clearly but also on living out what one said one believed in other words you could not say something and not live it if you didn't live it you were a hypocrite a liar phony you have to actually live out what you say you believe they put a premium on this and I think this is very important for Bonhoeffer as he grows up his mother always made that clear that they well both parents I should say expected the children to behave a certain way to live out what they claim to believe very very important going ahead so he decides at age 14 he's going to be a theologian he decided it I should say at age 13 but he kept his mouth shut for a year because you know the Bonhoeffer house you wouldn't just cavalierly announce things like this because if you said at age 13 you want to be a theologian you know they would hold you to it for at least one lifetime so you'd be very careful about declaring anything foolishly but he announces it at 14 he knew that he was going to be a great academic theologian he knew that and he was that he was in fact a theological genius he gets his doctorate in theology from Berlin University at age 21 and so he gets his doctorate and the question he's asking and answering in his two dissertations is what is the church he had an epiphany in Rome at Saint Peter's where he saw a raid on the altar celebrating mass on on palm sunday men of all different races and this moved him to think about the church the church beyond Germany the church beyond the Lutheran church he was always thinking of this and so he wrote his dissertation on this question what is the church but he finds in answering the question on this very high theological level what is the church that he he has a love for the church itself and decides that not only does he want to be an academic theologian he also wants to be ordained as a Lutheran minister but you had to be 25 at that time to be ordained and so at age 22 he spends a year in Barcelona Spain as a as an as an assistant vicar and a German-speaking congregation he picks up Spanish in a weekend I think he then at age 24 decides to go to America and his brother Carl Friedrich the physicist had been to America but he decides at age 24 to go to New York to have this experience of living in New York and I don't get the impression that he was going there for for theological reasons his the ostensible reason you always read about is that he studied at Union Theological Seminary for that for that year but he wasn't expecting to find much by way of theology at Union Theological Seminary and it's safe to say he was not disappointed he really writes in his letters it's it's funny I quote the letters copiously because it's so funny to write what he writes he's very generous very gracious but nonetheless clearly sneering in what his phrase passes for theology because he found it to be very shallow theology he was not theologically liberal but he was impressed by the theological liberals at Berlin University they were fine minds and he could learn from them even though ultimately he ends up disagreeing with them he could learn from them learn to speak their language now he comes to New York and the theological liberalism that he encounters is is quite shallow as far as he's concerned he says it's just you know knee-jerk anti-fundamentalism if whatever the fundamentalists are for they're against it so it really is a warmed over social gospel and so one Sunday in September of 1930 when he arrives his one of his fellow students an African-American student from Alabama named Frank Fisher invites Bonhoeffer to go up to Harlem to visit Abyssinian Baptist Church Bonhoeffer is thrilled to be invited and he goes again culturally curious he goes and what he experiences in this African-American church in September of 1930 to cut to the chase changes his life forever he is profoundly moved by seeing a congregation a huge congregation by the way of people who are not strangers to suffering these people somehow take what they're doing here in this church seriously they're worshiping God it's palpable the worship is not just music but it's clearly worship they're worshiping Jesus Christ with with everything they have Bonhoeffer was impressed by the preaching fiery gospel preaching uh that exhorted people to live out the gospel in their life so it was everything together uh Bonhoeffer had not really seen much of this if any of this kind of vibrant full-throated Christian faith he'd experienced a lot of I would say fussy Lutheranism really you know we've all been to churches where they do church very well Bonhoeffer had seen a lot of that he had not seen anything like what he saw at Abyssinian Baptist Church so it touched him so profoundly that he makes a decision to go back to this church every Sunday that he's in New York and just imagine the idea of this toe-headed bespectacled Berlin academic going up to Harlem every Sunday to worship in this extraordinary church but it really did change him and you've been listening to Eric Metaxas tell the story of Dietrich Bonhoeffer America has changed Bonhoeffer how does Bonhoeffer go back and change Germany that story continues here on Our American Stories Lee Habib here the host of Our American Stories every day on this show we're bringing inspiring stories from across this great country stories from our big cities and small towns but we truly can't do the show without you our stories are free to listen to but they're not free to make if you love what you hear go to our americanstories.com and click the donate button give a little give a lot go to our americanstories.com and give this message comes from Greenlight ready to start talking to your kids about financial literacy meet Greenlight the debit card and money app that teaches kids and teens how to earn save spend wisely and invest with your guardrails in place with Greenlight you can send money to kids 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right now we're talking brands like colgate soft soap palmolive irish spring fabuloso and tom's of maine and right now you can get up to a ten dollar digital visa prepaid card when you buy up to thirty dollars of colgate palmolive products here's how it works spend twenty dollars on their products get five dollars spend thirty dollars get a ten dollar reward all you do is shop your favorite brands snap a pic of your receipt and upload it to cprewards.com it's so easy that's cprewards.com so grab what you need or maybe try something new and get rewarded just for doing your usual shopping and start your year fresh by earning cashback rewards with colgate palmolive rewards available while supplies last limits apply us only 1 125 through 331 25 for full terms and conditions visit cprewards.com and we return to our american stories and to eric metaxas sharing his story of detrick bonhoeffer and it comes from his new york times best-selling book bonhoeffer pastor martyr prophet and spy an extraordinary read i urge you to pick it up go to amazon or the usual suspects let's return to eric he got involved in the lives of the congregation he ended up teaching sunday school there and he traveled with a number of these prominent african-americans down to howard university and i know thurgood marshall would have been a student at howard at the time and he traveled to the nation's capital and was very involved in the idea of the this nascent civil rights movement so he goes back to germany and his friends notice he's somehow different he seems to take christianity somehow more seriously he gets the gospel spectacularly well but somehow his heart was touched in this experience of this african-american church somehow he had seen true faith in a way that was new to him and over the course of those months it changes him and his friends can see this that he is in fact different when he's teaching from behind the lectern at berlin university or when he's preaching from the pulpit he's saying things that you wouldn't ordinarily hear for example from behind the lectern he he's saying talking about the bible as the word of god through which a living god wishes to speak to his children an amazing thing to hear in berlin at berlin university during this period you wouldn't but he was brilliant enough he could sort of get away with it he asked one of his students at one time do you love jesus it was clear that that bonhoeffer had had an experience with god somehow and he was communicating this to his students now we have to say that germany during this period had also changed when bonhoeffer left for new york the nazi for the ninth largest political party in the reichstag when he returns to the second largest political party in the reichstag and bonhoeffer can see this he can smell this he can sense that germany is turning toward nazism and we can understand why if we're fair-minded we can understand that probably we would have done the same thing the nazis were not exactly advertising themselves as evil incarnate political figures don't do that right and so you've got somebody who was extremely canny politician was not about to tell the german people that he despised christianity as a weak faith which is exactly what hitler said and what his top lieutenants believed but but pretend to be a churchgoer and so on and so forth but bonhoeffer can see through this and he sees germany turning toward national socialism and he begins now to speak out against it publicly he says for example in germany christians can only have one savior and that is jesus christ very pointed thing to say when most germans are looking with a messianic fervor to hitler in 1933 of course hitler becomes chancellor two days later bonhoeffer goes on the radio and gives a famous speech in which he dissects the bad idea extremely popular idea of the fuhrer principle fuhrer of course is german for leader and there was this idea in germany between the wars especially that what we need is strong leadership they'd had that under the kaiser they lost it at the end of world war one when the kaiser abdicated and and most germans thought we need that again we had that we had that once and we were great we lost that now we're crushed we're miserable we're rudderless we have the weimar republic we have this kind of democracy that we don't know what to think of it we've never had it before it's not working for us and we'd like a strong leader well we know they got a strong leader if you'd ask them what kind of leader you're looking for they would say a leader who leads that's what they were looking for they got one of those they weren't really terribly specific about it and of course hitler comes right into this vacuum and bonhoeffer again he sees this and on the radio two days after hitler becomes the fuhrer he bonhoeffer dissects this idea for the nation on the radio and he talks about god's idea of leadership the idea that true leadership true authority is by definition submitted to a higher authority and we know that hitler was submitted to no one the german idea of leader the fuhrer was well it was a tautology it's a snake swallowing its own tail there's he's submitted to no one where does he get his leadership from from no one somehow it's just his and he takes it as almost as a demonic aspect to it well bonhoeffer sees this he dissects this idea on the radio he also says that a true leader must be a servant leader that's what a leader does leader doesn't lord it over his subjects well bonhoeffer says this and from the beginning two days after hitler's rise to power bonhoeffer's on the record as seeing what's going on and speaking out publicly against this the first way a bonhoeffer gets involved really in what is happening is in what's called the kirchen kampf the church struggle the nazis being good totalitarians weren't just taking over every part of society they were also taking over the church because they thought it's a legitimate part of society for us to take over to reshape in our own uh monstrous image and so they were trying to do that and trying to change christianity from the inside in other words not to abolish it of course they want to abolish it but they wouldn't do that publicly they'd rather just sort of hollow it out and you know fill it with their own ideology and that's exactly what they were doing and bonhoeffer was one of the leading figures who saw this happening and saw that christians must stand up and fight this together and he was one of the leaders in what came to be known as the confessing church and they make a break these the about 6 000 pastors signed the barman declaration a year after the nazis came to power and these 6 000 pastors break away from the nazified reichskirche this the state church a victory but bonhoeffer could see that the nazis are gaining more and more power and that this victory ultimately won't mean so much because the nazis kept getting power they knew how to use the laws to make it tougher and tougher for the church to be the church but it's an extraordinary thing how using legality you can sort of outmaneuver people the nazis were masterful at this at dividing this one from that one and i have to say that bonhoeffer somehow was able to see with his fine mind and his finely trained mind and with i think on some level a mystical prophetic sense able to see way past what others were seeing at where this was going even into the mid-30s you have many solid christians who seem to think that the nazis are okay maybe they're not perfect but we can work with them they won't be here forever bonhoeffer was never fooled and he was frustrated in trying to wake the church up in trying to get the church to be the church to see what is happening to fight against it now because it'll be too late which is of course exactly what happened he was praying diligently always asking the lord to lead him to show him what to do next in 1935 the confessing church leaders deputized bonhoeffer to lead an illegal seminary because of course the the german reichskirche they were not raising up men of god and and the confessing church realized we need real seminaries where our young men will be trained properly so bonhoeffer continues to do this of course the gestapo finally shuts down fink and valda they they know what's going on so it's shut down but bonhoeffer being the canny man that he was sort of takes this education underground it becomes i always think like a floating craps game the nazis don't know where it's happening in a vicarage here in a farm yard there you know in a farmhouse there it's just a very funny to me that but bonhoeffer had no problem with fooling the nazis with deceiving the evil nazis and so so this theological training continues for some time but around 1938 the the gestapo shuts that down they they forbid bonhoeffer from from doing this and they also forbid him from speaking publicly and then finally from publishing because the temerity to write a book on the psalms which are located in the old testament but the reason i say that is because the nazified church in germany was trying to redefine christianity as i said along nazi lines which means that german christianity was uh supposed to be purely german and therefore devoid of all jewish elements good luck with that project and you've been listening to eric mataxas tell the story of detrick bonhoeffer and bonhoeffer's very short time in america changed him but he came back to a changed germany the nazi party that's national socialists by the way always remember that they were the national socialists he knew what they were up to particularly he understood quickly who hitler was and what attacks he was going to make on his beloved church in germany christians can only have one savior he said on the radio not long before hitler took power jesus christ is our savior two days after hitler takes power bonhoeffer goes on the air to talk about god's idea of leadership true leadership is submitted to a higher authority and by the way what eric mataxas said about nazism was dead on it was a tautology a snake swallowing its own tail and then of course hitler's move for the church itself hollowing it out by filling the churches with their own political orthodoxy and ideology when we come back more of the story of this remarkable man detrick bonhoeffer and this remarkable storyteller eric mataxas here on our american story people thought it was impossible to build a firm lifted booty and flatten and shrink your abs at the same time but we've cracked the code i'm carl the ceo of body that's body with an eye and if you want to lose weight while you firm and tighten even that lower pooch you need the 80-day obsession fitness and eating program it's 80 workouts you'll make progress day by day crazy booty gains flat tight abs we tested it and now it's your turn there's no subscription needed you can get this in-home program for less than a dollar a workout and own permanent digital access and if you buy 80-day obsession this week you'll get a second program of your choice free and if you don't see results in your butt and abs in the first 30 days you get your money back no questions asked so get 80-day obsession this week and get a second program of your choice free go to 80-day obsession.com that's 80-day obsession.com that's 80-day obsession.com have you ever wondered what it would be like to have supervision enhanced hearing extraordinary reflexes to be dare we say superhuman will roku's new pro series tv can't do any of that for you but with a 4k screen side firing speakers and a blazing fast refresh rate it'll sure feel like it elevate your entertainment using all your favorite apps like iheart and play all your music radio and podcasts with the new roku pro series your senses aren't better your tv is the new year's here it's the perfect time to refresh those household essentials and score some cashback rewards with 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further and he's continually praying and asking the lord what do i do now what do i do now lord lead me how can i serve you in the third reich of course now the war is coming and he would be forced uh to participate in the war he would not fight in the war not because he's a pacifist in the way that we think but but the reality is that he was a pacifist the way any christian is a pacifist where you say i will not fight in a war of aggression and he could see that hitler was leading germany to a hyper nationalistic war of aggression and there was no way he would allow himself to participate in this nonetheless he knew he could not fight hitler's war so what's he going to do now the war is coming where does he go he can't say i want to be conscientious objector so basically what happens is he decides to effectively escape to new york to go back to new york he has friends pull strings it was not easy reinhold niebuhr gets involved and bonhoeffer is able to go to new york before the war starts with the idea that he will stay there and kind of ride things out safely in america but no sooner does he get off the ship in june of 1939 then he then he has a keen sense that he has missed god he does not have the peace of god he's praying assiduously and you can see him wrestling with the lord and saying lord lead me you must lead me there's no magic scripture that tells me the answer you've got to show me in the scriptures what what do you have for me he knew that he had to hear from god and he does and and he feels keenly that he must go back now when you think about this is an extraordinary thing to go back to nazi germany as detrick bonhoeffer in the summer of 1939 but he felt the lord was calling him to this and so he went obedient disciple of jesus christ that he was now the question is what was he going to do when he got there and this is where the story of course gets exceedingly strange his brother-in-law denagnyi was a leading member of german military intelligence the abwehr uh the abwehr was the center of the conspiracy against adolf hitler so bonhoeffer is hired by his brother-in-law his brother-in-law says how would you like to come to work for me in the abwehr that way you'll look like you're serving the third reich in time of war you we can use your great brain and your contacts throughout europe to work for german military intelligence but we know and the family knows uh what you'll really be doing you'll be working for me in the conspiracy to defeat adolf hitler and the nazis and what he was supposed to do of course was travel around europe to neutral countries which you certainly could not do unless you're a special member of military intelligence but he could travel to sweden and to switzerland travel to these countries in the hopes of making contact with members of the allied governments imagine talking to the enemy during time of war this is exactly what he set out to do he continued writing and being a pastor during this time in some ways but uh actually his family was practically at the center of the conspiracy against adolf hitler it's an amazing the whole family from before the beginning of the nazi rise knew who the nazis were and what they were and were against them from the beginning uh there's some natural explanations for that they were in berlin they were very highly connected i i alluded to that but i have to say they were very connected in high circles so they knew everyone who was anyone and they had all the the secret information that your average german absolutely would have not been privy to and they they knew uh that 1933 they're already having secret conversations in their home this huge home uh and closing the door so that the help doesn't hear in 1933 um two months or three months after in april of 33 after hitler has become chancellor they're having sort of secret meetings so in some ways their home and their network their wider network was a center of the conspiracy against hitler and they were they knew many of the players and of course uh bonhoeffer's brother-in-law danani was one of the key players so yes they were at the center of it and on the contrary not only did they have no problem with it but bonhoeffer's brother claus was murdered by the nazis for his role in the conspiracy bonhoeffer's brother-in-law a two of his brother-in-laws were murdered by the nazi so they were at the very center of the center of the of the conspiracy i don't think that there was any bonhoeffer uh that uh and had any problems with this in 1942 bonhoeffer gets engaged but no sooner does he get engaged then finally gestapo catches up with him and arrests him not for his involvement in the plot to kill hitler because they hadn't yet discovered that but for his involvement in something called unternehmen sieben operation 7 so-called because it was a plot to get seven uh german jews out of germany and into switzerland to save their lives there was some financial irregularities and things that went on the gestapo picked up on it and some some names came up bonhoeffer was arrested and taken to tagel military prison but he had every hope of getting out he is writing these wonderful letters to his fiancee and to his family he's expecting to get married he's thinking that he's going to be able to fool the prosecutor and convince the prosecutor that he's just a wooly-headed academic but um of course didn't turn out that way uh he well i should say that he hoped that he could win the case that things would come to trial soon that he would win or he thought the allies will defeat germany in this night where it will be over and i'll get out of prison that way or the conspirators who haven't yet been discovered will succeed in killing hitler and things will end that way so he had every hope of getting out but we know that uh he was still in tagel military prison in the summer of 44 when the valkyrie plot happens where the briefcase is put under the table and the vector of the blast is divided hitler survives but not only does hitler survive but for the first time the conspiracy is exposed so in july of 44 this this huge conspiracy is exposed thousands are arrested tortured names come up one of those names of course top of the list is detrick bonhoeffer so he has now transferred to the dreaded gestapo prison on prince albrecht strasa in berlin and then as the allies are bombing berlin he's moved from there to book involved and in april of 45 so close to the end of the war weeks from the end of the war weeks from the suicide of adolf hitler on the express orders of hitler bonhoeffer is transferred to flossenberg concentration camp where at dawn on april 9th he is executed so we're tempted to think of this story i think initially as merely tragic but i i have to say that bonhoeffer would be the first in line to rebuke us in the same way that jesus rebukes peter when peter says oh no lord you know you you you can't die that way you can't he says get thee behind me satan because you're not thinking the thoughts of god but the thoughts of man it's clear that bonhoeffer was such a devoted disciple of jesus christ that that he was resigned to the will of god with the peace that comes uh from being resigned to the will of god resigned is really not the right word uh that he rejoiced in the will of god for whatever it was for his life uh he wrote a sermon in 1933 12 years before his death where he talks about death uh and in that to i think a fairly staid lutheran congregation he says death is the most terrible thing imaginable unless it is transformed by faith and who knows uh but that uh that your death can be the most wonderful thing imaginable actually he says that if you have ever glimpsed the kingdom of heaven truly if you've ever come to know him and ever seen him on any level you are homesick from that hour you long to be with him you know that that is your true home you're created for that so bonhoeffer plainly uh clearly had no fear of death he understood it for what it was he knew that jesus had in fact defeated death and death was the last station on the road to freedom uh bonhoeffer knew this and he believed it and so bonhoeffer went to the gallows with that piece and a terrific job on the production and editing by our own greg hengler a special thanks to eric metaxas author of bonhoeffer pastor martyr prophet and spy pick up this book you will not put it down in june of 39 bonhoeffer comes to america to seek safety but he's so uncomfortable and god's calling him back to germany and he goes and in april 9 1945 not long before v e day he's put to death by hitler but bonhoeffer wouldn't have wanted to see this story as a tragedy death bonhoeffer said is the most terrible thing imaginable unless it is transformed by faith and indeed his life was the story of detrick bonhoeffer how america changed him and now he changed the world here on our american stories have you ever wondered what it would be like to have supervision 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