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Own the dream. This is Lee Habib, and this is Our American Stories, the show where America is the star. and the American people. Who invented the Internet? Here to tell the story is Walter Isaacson, author of The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution.
And a special thanks to the Library of Congress. for allowing us to use this remarkable storyteller. Let's get started. the two most important inventions of our time. The computer and the internet.
were invented. And with all due respect to Al Gore, you probably don't know who invented them. But the reason we do not really know who invented the computer and who invented the internet is they were invented by teams of people who had the wonderful quality. of wanting to share credit more than take credit for themselves. There were computers at various research universities.
And so the government, back then very efficient, decided we need a network so people can share. computer resources. And they figured out how to get all these great research universities to agree on what was originally called the ARPANET, after the Advanced Research Projects Agency at the Pentagon. To make it all work, where each one of these computers could have equal power and share ideas, be nodes on a web-like network. They came up with that idea, and then they just told the research universities.
and you figure out the way to make it work. the network work.
So being great research universities, the research professors did what they always do. is they delegated it to their graduate students.
So you had 30 graduate students who decided to figure out how we're going to make the protocols work for the packets to go darting around this wonderful web and know how to reunite and know where they're supposed to go and know what to happen if one of the packets doesn't make it. All these rules of the what became. The internet. And they wanted to do it in the most collaborative way. And you see that in every great team, even the founding of America.
I'm here competing with Joe Ellis in the next room over. And he's doing that, but in his Founding Brothers, he talks about, and David McCullough does it excellently. You needed a team, you needed smart people like Jefferson and Madison. You needed people of great rectitude like Washington. You needed passionate people like John Adams and his cousin Samuel.
And you also needed somebody who could bring together a team, like Ben Franklin.
So when you say, what does it take to be a great leader? Part of this book is saying it's not being a great leader, it's being a creator of a team of great leaders.
So they got together and they had no votes, they had no chair, whatever. They just went from city to city, San Diego, Salt Lake. They went down to New Orleans once, and they would meet every few months, and the youngest one of them, Steve Crocker, would take notes. And Steve Crocker, he wanted to make sure that it didn't seem like they were handing down rules from on high. because he wanted it to feel like a collaborative network.
So he tried to come up with the name. of what these rules would be. And he said he was showering in his girlfriend's parents' house. He late at night he just showers, the only place he could go and get away from his future in-laws and think. And he came up with the notion of calling these things requests.
for comment. In other words, these weren't rules, these weren't regulations, these were not handed-down manuals. They'd send them around and say requests for comments.
So everybody felt they could be part of building the Internet.
Now that's pretty cool that that's how they created the internet, but what's particularly cool to me. Is that still how the Internet's being created? People are still doing the request for comment process. I think they're up to number 7,900, as they figure out how do we incorporate Bitcoin? How do we have small payments?
All of these things are done collaboratively.
Now, when I was at Time Magazine, we wrote a story that said they did it that way.
so that it would survive a Russian nuclear attack. Because if you do it with a central hub and central rules, you know, a missile takes out one of those hubs. The network goes down. But the internet is built so that each and every node of the internet has equal power to store and forward packets of information.
So somebody takes out a packet, I mean a node. Internet just routes around it. And we said that was done to survive a nuclear attack. We got a letter from Steve Croctor, who I did not know at the time, who said, no, that's not why we did it. We were graduate students.
We were graduates and we were avoiding the draft. We weren't helping the Pentagon. And he wrote a letter at a time. Time was uh somewhat arrogant back then. If you saw Amy Willence, who was preceding me and I, we were both at time, I know.
So we didn't print the letter.
So years later, I'm researching this, and as I said, I was in this neighborhood having coffee with Steve Crocker, and he reminded me of this. I said, oh, wow, I remember that vaguely. And I called up the current editor of Time, and I said, go get me the files. I want to know who the better source was, because Time said they had a better source.
Well, the better source was a guy named Steve Lukasich, and he actually ran ARPA. And he had said, Yeah, yeah, the graduate, we didn't tell the graduate students we were doing it to survive a Russian attack, but that's the only way we could get money out of the colonel's. At the Pentagon, that's what we were doing. We just didn't tell them. And so Lucas had said: tell Steve Crocker.
that he was on the bottom and I was on the top, so he didn't know what was happening.
So I had my coffee with Crocker again. I told him that, and he strokes his chin. And he says, Tell Lukasich. He was on the top. I was on the bottom, so he didn't know what was happening.
And that is the essence. of the collaborative nature of the internet. And the fingerprints of the founders of the internet doing that way Are they imprinted? on the genetic code of the internet.
So it can't be censored, it's totally decentralized and distributed, and it allows collaboration from people who've never met each other, never seen each other. and a terrific job of the editing and production by our own Greg Hengler. And the storytelling, well, it's Walter Isaacson, one of our best. And he's the author of The Innovators, How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. And the decentralized nature of the internet is what made it happen.
It allowed collaboration by people who never saw each other. and didn't even know each other. The story of Who Invented the Internet here on Our American Stories. Mm-hmm. Lee Habib here.
As we approach our nation's 250th anniversary, I'd like to remind you that all the history stories you hear on this show are brought to you by the great folks at Hillsdale College. And Hillsdale isn't just a great school for your kids or grandkids to attend, but for you as well. Go to hillsdale.edu to find out about their terrific free online courses. Their series on communism is one of the finest I've ever seen. Again, go to hillsdale.edu and sign up for their free and terrific online courses.
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Mm-hmm.
