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This is Lee Habib and this is Our American Stories. When World War II broke out in Europe, between 88 and 94 percent of Americans opposed entering the war. After all, we were an ocean away from the conflict. What threat could Hitler possibly pose? Here to share another story of a member of the 6% who disagreed is Deborah Dwark.
Author of Saints and Liars. Today, DeBoris shares the story of a man named Moses Beckelman. Let's get into it. Take it away, Deborah. Established in 1914, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.
had grown into a robust philanthropic organization by the time Germany invaded Poland from the west and the Soviet Union from the east, thus triggering World War II. Yeah. Yeah. Moses Beckelman had recently joined the JDC staff. and the New York office promptly dispatched him to Lithuania.
Now a neutral country bordering both German and Soviet occupied Poland. Yeah. A trained social worker with an accountancy degree. Beckelmann needed every skill and competency he had accrued to manage the tasks he now faced. No sooner had he arrived in Lithuania than what had been a thin stream of Jewish refugees from Poland turned into a robust wave.
Jews living in the east of Poland feared the Communist Soviet Union's actions against their religious community. Jews in the west of Poland Feared Nazi Germany's actions against Jews. Both saw Vilna as a way station to Palestine, or the West. By late 1939, 14,000 Jewish refugees had made their way from Poland to Vilna. With 300 more smuggled into the city every day.
They soon needed to be fed. They needed clothing and housing too. Impossible to convey adequately crowded, unsanitary living conditions, Moses cabled New York. Half of the local Jewish population, some 30,000 people, needed support also. Diminished employment options increased the poverty.
of an already indigent population. The JDC supported feeding stations, kitchens, and medical care. and sought to fill warehouses with fabric and food, secure housing, develop workshops, and provide clothing. Moses calculated that at least half of the Jewish refugees to Vilna. were educated.
previously prosperous, belonged to a religious school community. or sought to be a pioneer in Palestine. These attributes, he concluded, pointed to emigration. It made no sense to create employment opportunities in Vilna itself. or to invest in the establishment of additional dining rooms.
Instead, Moses favored training courses in various trades. and language classes. to support their success as emigrants. Among the refugees seeking somewhere to settle were a few Dutch nationals. Determined to find an exit route, They approached Jan Swartendijk, The honorary Dutch Consul.
The Netherlands was occupied by that time. but perhaps he could help them get to the Dutch colony of Curaçao. in the Caribbean. Or Suriname. in South America.
Smartendyj checked with the Dutch ambassador in Riga, L. Pije de Decca. No visa was required to enter either. The news about Curacao and Suriname swept through the refugee community. The travel permit process flowed in reverse.
With an official final destination, Jews could obtain exit visas from Lithuania, transit visas across the Soviet Union, ferry tickets from Vladivostok to Tsuruga in Japan, And with Japanese transit visas, move on to Kobe, Tokyo, or Yokohama. Spartandyj went to work issuing official statements that no visa was required for Curacao or for Suriname. Japan had signed the anti-Komintern Pact with Germany and afterward drew ever closer to the Axis. There was no reason for the consulate to help Jews. and every reason avoid involvement.
Against all odds. Japan's Consul Encounters. Kimi Sugihara. thought differently. He knew what was happening to Jews in German-occupied Poland.
According to his wife, He cabled Tokyo three times asking permission to grant them transit visas. His requests were denied. Realizing that he might well suffer consequences, he nevertheless decided to issue visas, thousands of visas, each good for a whole family. desperate people besieged his consulate. And he was moved.
Act. Yeah. Curacao and Suriname were just smoke and mirrors. No one went there. Sugihara saw other sites on refugee documents.
Shanghai. The United States. Palestine, Latin America.
Some were authentic, others forgeries. But as the days passed, So Gihara didn't even look at that part of the application. He simply signed and stamped Japanese transit visas steadily until the moment of his departure. and then he threw blank, stamped forms from his train window. According to Moses Beckelmann, Sugihara issued some 3,500 transit visas.
Sugihara suffered severe consequences after the war for his insubordination. He was dismissed from the Japanese Foreign Service. and made a living. doing odd jobs. but he had saved thousands of lives.
Pressure mounted both in New York and in Vilna. Meeting in New York in January, The JDC Executive Committee took stock. At least 3,000 persons were poised to depart Lithuania if the JDC funded their transport. The committee understood that this was an emergency situation. and the window of opportunity was closing.
But the JTC faced many emergencies every day. With limited funds to defray travel costs, the core question that haunted. all rescuers now arose for the Home Office. who claimed priority. Moses focused on the number.
rather than on the who. His goal. Was to get as many refugees out of Lithuania as possible. immediate departure was key. And he noted We did get well over 2,000 people out before the Japanese authorities refused to admit more until some in the country moved on.
Moses pressed for the removal of the refugees from Japan to Shanghai. to open space for more people to leave from Lithuania. But rescue depended on the unpredictable factors of others' actions. End of timing. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22nd.
and the exit from Lithuania. came to a stop. With little scope for action, Moses left Lithuania in february nineteen forty one. His mission had been marked by discord. his frustration with the JD leadership in Europe.
irritation with the Executive Committee in New York. competitiveness with his colleagues in Vilma. The battles and bitterness speak to the anxiety everyone endured. but thanks in no small measure to his efforts, Thousands managed to flee. And a special thanks to Deborah Dwork.
Her book, Saints and Liars, is a must-read. The story of Moses Beckleman. Here. on our American stories. If data management is slowing down your business, you need the Intuit ERP.
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