This is an iHeart podcast. Guaranteed human. This is Julian Edelman from Games with Names. I want to take a second to talk about something that's personal to me. I've had the privilege of working closely with Robert Kraft for a long time.
And one thing I've always respected is how seriously he takes up standing up to hate. As a Jewish athlete my identity is something I am proud of. But I also know what it feels like to be singled out for it. That's why this new commercial for the Blue Square Alliance Against Hate that aired during the big game really hit home. It's about showing up for someone when they're targeted, even if you don't have the perfect words.
And sometimes standing next to someone is enough. And you can show support by sharing the blue square. Support for the show comes from Public, the investing platform for those who take it seriously. On Public, you can build a multi-asset portfolio of stocks, bonds, options, crypto, and now generated assets, which allow you to turn any idea into an investable index with AI. It all starts with your prompt.
From renewable energy companies with high-free cash flow to semiconductor suppliers growing revenue over 20% year over year, you can literally type any prompt and put the AI to work. It screens thousands of stocks, builds a one-of-a-kind index, and lets you backtest it against the SP 500. Then you can invest in a few clicks. Generated assets are like ETFs with infinite possibilities, completely customizable and based on your thesis, not someone else's. Go to public.com/slash podcast and earn an uncapped 1% bonus when you transfer your portfolio.
That's public.com/slash podcast. Paid for by Public Investing. Brokerage Services by Open to the Public Investing Inc., member FINRA and SIPC. Advisory Services by Public Advisors LLC, SEC Registered Advisor. Generated Assets is an interactive analysis tool.
Output is for informational purposes only and is not an investment recommendation or advice. Complete disclosures available at public.com. Slash disclosures. Tired of spills and stains on your sofa? Wash away your worries with Anibay.
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Offers are subject to change and certain restrictions may apply. Do you want to find a stress-free way to buy your next car? Start a CarMex and shop your way. And if you want to browse with confidence, get pre-qualified online with no impact on your credit score and shop cars within your budget, from luxury cars to family rides. CarMax has options for almost every price range, including more than 25,000 cars priced under $25,000.
So hey, want to get started? Just head to CarMax.com for details and get pre-qualified today. Wanna drive? CarMax This is Lee Habib, and this is Our American Stories, the show where America is the star and the American people, coming to you from the city where the West begins, Fort Worth, Texas. Our next story is brought to us by one of the best Old West storytellers in the country.
Roger McGrath. McGrath is the author of Gunfighters, Highwaymen, and Vigilantes, Violence on the Frontier. A U.S. Marine and former history professor at UCLA, McGrath has appeared on numerous History Channel documentaries, and he's a regular contributor for us here at Our American Stories. Here's Roger McGrath with the story of legendary mountain man Tom Fitzpatrick.
Tom Fitzpatrick was one of the greatest of the mountain men. He trapped nearly every beaver stream of the West and became the leader of trapping parties halfway through his first season in the mountains. He was a partner in the famous Rocky Mountain Fur Company. He made the effective discovery of South Pass. He guided the first pioneer settlers most of the way to California and others all the way to Oregon.
He guided the first Catholic missionaries to the Pacific Northwest. He was a guide for John C. Fremont on a second expedition. and the guide for Colonel Stephen Carney. during the Mexican War.
He was Indian agent for the tribes of the High Plains. He did it all. Uh Here's Dublin Ireland's Miles Dungan. Miles is a historian specializing in 19th-century Irish history and in the American West. I think he's probably the single most significant Irish-born figure in the history of the American West and there were many significant Irish-born figures in that history.
An Irishman who is virtually unknown in his own country but is rightly celebrated in the USA. According to his biographer, Leroy Hafen, No other man is so representative of this epoch. Tom Fitzpatrick is born in County Cavan, Ireland, in 1799. He has two brothers and four sisters. His ancestors had been large land owners, but because of their Irish nationalism, had suffered greatly under English rule and had their lands confiscated.
Fitzpatrick sees it his opportunity lies in the new country across the Atlantic. The United States of America. When he is 16 years old, he leaves home and signs on as a deckhand on a merchant ship. For some time he sails the high seas, but when his ship puts in at New Orleans. he leaves the life of a sailor behind.
He makes his way up the Mississippi. and settles in the booming frontier town of St. Louis. When he arrived in St. Louis, it coincided with the publication of one of the most famous advertisements in Western history: the ad in the St.
Louis newspaper, the Missouri Republican, which was published in 1822. And that read, To enterprising young men, the subscriber wishes to engage 100 men to ascend the River Missouri to its source, there to be employed for one, two or three years. The ad had been placed by the Lieutenant Governor of Missouri, William Henry Ashley. And he'd made a small fortune in the War of 1812 by manufacturing gunpowder. And he reckoned on making a real fortune, a big fortune, by supplying beaver fur to the milliners of the world.
And Fitzpatrick, along with Western legends, two in particular, Jedediah Smith and Jim Bridger, joined Ashley's force. The expedition ascends the Missouri River. traps of beaver streams of the northern Rockies. and has a memorable and bloody battle with the Arikra Indians. The Ricara, or Ries as the French fur traders and later American mountain men call them, Live in earthen lodges in villages.
along the Missouri River in North Dakota. They fortify their villages for protection against horse-mounted marauding Sioux. by building barriers of driftwood and willow branches. The Reese trade with other Indians and with whites. mostly fur traders or trappers.
An unpredictable bunch. The rays more than once attack travelers after feigning friendship and a willingness to trade. On the way down the Missouri River, after their first season of trapping, some thirty mount men of the Ashley Henry trapping party. anchor their two boats at the Eurykora village. Three seem friendly.
and signal their desire to trade. After an afternoon of trading, the mountain men settled down for the night on the beach. and the Rhes returned to their fortified village on the bluff, overlooking the beach. The night passes quietly. Suddenly, just before sunrise, rifle fire erupts from the Reeve Village and rakes the beach.
The mountain men are sitting ducks and outnumbered ten to one. They return fired. But in their exposed position, the situation is hopeless. Before the mountain men can get into the water and board their boats, half of them are killed. Many others are wounded.
When the survivors reached Fort Atkinson in Missouri, and relate their tale of Auricara treachery. Major Benjamin O'Fallon, the Indian agent for the Great Plains, organizes a force to punish the Rees. Included in what is called the Missouri Legion are 80 mountain men. Colonel Henry Leavenworth and two hundred and thirty soldiers and more than seven hundred Sioux warriors. Tom Fitzpatrick is made one of the officers of the Mountain Men.
The Sioux see the expedition of the Missouri Legion. as an opportunity to attack their old Rickara enemies.
So great is the Sioux enthusiasm that they gallop ahead of the Missouri Legion. And attack a group of Rees who are caught outside the fortification of their village. When the whites arrive, they cannot fire for fear of hitting their Sioux allies. Seeing the mountain men and the soldiers take up positions around the village, The Rhys retreat inside their fortifications. And you've been listening to Dr.
Roger McGrath tell the spellbinding story of Tom Fitzpatrick. And what's beautiful here is He's taking us back. To what St. Louis was like at the time. And my goodness, this idea that Indian tribes were working alongside frontiersmen to go after other Indian tribes, that's not a story you hear very often anywhere.
Here on Our American Stories, we tell stories like this all the time. When we come back, More. on our American stories. Lee Habib here. As we approach our nation's 250th anniversary, I'd like to remind you that all the history stories you hear on this show are brought to you by the great folks at Hillsdale College.
And Hillsdale isn't just a great school for your kids or grandkids to attend, but for you as well. Go to Hillsdale.edu to find out about their terrific free online courses. Again, go to hillsdale.edu and sign up for their free and terrific online courses. Support for the show comes from Public, the investing platform for those who take it seriously. On Public, you can build a multi-asset portfolio of stocks, bonds, options, crypto, and now generated assets, which allow you to turn any idea into an investable index with AI.
It all starts with your prompt. From renewable energy companies with high-free cash flow to semiconductor suppliers growing revenue over 20% year over year, you can literally type any prompt and put the AI to work. It screens thousands of stocks, builds a one-of-a-kind index, and lets you backtest it against the SP 500. Then you can invest in a few clicks. Generated assets are like ETFs with infinite possibilities, completely customizable and based on your thesis, not someone else's.
Go to public.com/slash podcast and earn an uncapped 1% bonus when you transfer your portfolio. That's public.com/slash podcast. Paid for by Public Investing. Brokerage Services by Open to the Public Investing Inc., member Finra and SIPC. Advisory Services by Public Advisors LLC, SEC Registered Advisor.
Generated Assets is an interactive analysis tool. Output is for informational purposes only and is not an investment recommendation or advice. Complete disclosures are available at public.com. com slash disclosures. Life gets messy.
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Instead of giving your mom something that fades, give her something that becomes part of her home this Mother's Day. The Lenox Spice Village is a set of 24 hand-painted little houses that are actually spice jars, perfect for anyone who loves to cook, entertain, or enjoy the little details that make everyday life special. As a mom, I love gifts that help turn ordinary moments into memories. Charming, timeless, and meant to be used. This is one of those pieces she'll treasure.
And once you see it, you'll want it for your own home too. Find the full collection at length.com slash spicevillage. It's tax season, and by now, I know we're all a bit tired of numbers. But here's an important one you need to hear: $16 billion. That's how much money and refunds the IRS flagged for possible identity fraud.
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Terms apply. And we continue with our American stories and with Dr. Roger McGrath telling the story of legendary mountain man Tom Fitzpatrick. Let's pick up where we last left off. Seeing the mountain men and the soldiers take up positions around the village, the Rees retreat inside their fortifications.
Behind them, they leave a dozen dead rees. The Sioux pounce on the bodies and quickly chop them to pieces. After tying cords to the severed arms, legs, hands, and feet, The Sioux dragged the body parts in a triumphal procession around the village. Tom Fitzpatrick and the other whites Watch the grisly spectacle. Not realizing.
They are seeing only the opening act. An old Sioux chief soon appears. with one of his wives. Immediately in front of the village. and with a war club in her hand.
the squaw rains blows down upon the body of a dead Re. At the same time, The chief taunts the Rees for allowing a squaw to club the corpse of one of their braves. The final act. comes when a Sioux shaman arrives on the scene. crawling on all fours and snorting like a grizzly.
with his own teeth. He tears mouthfuls of flesh. from the body. of a dead reed. By mid-morning, the Rees signal their desire to parley.
Colonel Leavenworth jumps at the opportunity. Fearing they will have no more opportunity to kill Reese, the Sioux are angry. When the calumet is passed around, Sioux refuse to partake. Smoke the peace pipe with a raise? No way.
The Sioux leave for parts unknown. Colonel Evenworth and the officers of the Mountain Man Company, including Tom Fitzpatrick, Smoke the calumet with the rise. The negotiations proceed rapidly. The Rees simply agree to all of Levin Worst's demands. Fitzpatrick and his fellow mount men suspect the Reeves are agreeing too quickly.
What's their game? During the night, the Reese slip out of their village and disappear. It becomes clear to Tom Fitzpatrick the Indian warriors of the high plains only respect power and force. And if they can take advantage of any people they perceive to be weaker, they do. Moreover, there's no Red Brotherhood.
Each tribe is fiercely independent. And while a few are allied in one manner or another, Most are enemies of each other. Fitzpatrick understands that each tribe must be dealt with individually. As Patrick's second season of trapping, 1823 to 1824. Brings a discovery that affects the course of the American nation.
In March 1824, Fitzpatrick is leading a trapping party. when he makes the effective discovery. of South Bass in the Rockies. Here again is Miles Dungan. And South Pass is very, very important because it's this gently sloping corridor that rises from the Wyoming Plateau and splits the Rocky Mountains.
And in 1847, when Western migration was well underway and South Pass was invaluable to travelers going from the east on the Oregon Trail, he also then subsequently acted as a guide to many of those wagon trains. After Fitzpatrick's discovery, The pass will be used by Marcus Whitman and Hillary Spaulding. The first missionaries to the Pacific Northwest and by the pioneers on the Oregon Trail. The pass will be used by those headed to California in the Gold Rush. The pass will be used by the Pony Express.
and by the first transcontinental telegraph line. which causes the demise of the Pony Express. The routine for Fitzpatrick and the other mountain men is well established by 1824. Because of heavy snows, the men are occasionally holed up for several months during a winter camp. Surprisingly, there are books to read by firelight.
In men who recite poetry and share their knowledge of literature, history, geography, and science. Fitzpatrick is a favorite at these winter camps. He is highly literate and knows the Bible and Shakespeare well. Men learn so much while holed up. But the winter camps are called the Rocky Mountain College.
In 1830, Fitzpatrick and Jim Bridger and several others. Buy the Rocky Mountain Fur Company from Jed Smith, Dave Jackson, and Bill Sublette. Fitzpatrick is named president. The Rocky Mountain Fur Company is the only fur company actually owned and operated. by mountain men themselves.
The Rocky Mountain Fur Company faced a lot of opposition from the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada, but more particularly from John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company in the early 1930s. And by that stage, There was realistically more money to be made from supplying the mountain men than there was from actually trapping for fur itself. Fitzpatrick and his Rocky Mountain fur company have a spectacular fall hunt. during 1830. in the dangerous Three Forks country in Montana.
The area is dangerous because it is full of blackfeet. And the Blackfeet love taking American scalps. The Blackfeet are allied with British fur companies in Canada. and the British pay and supply the Blackfeet With guns to keep American mountain men out of the beaver-rich Three Forks country. Many an American dies at the hands of the Blackfeet.
After winter camp, Fitzpatrick heads to Missouri in the spring of 1831 to buy supplies to take to the summer rendezvous. The summer rendezvous for 1831 will be in Cache Valley, Utah.
However, by the time Fitzpatrick reaches Missouri, He finds the traitors he has contracted with. Have already left in a trade caravan bound for Santa Fe, New Mexico. After several days of hard riding, he catches up with the caravan. The traders tell him he will get his supplies for the rendezvous. but only if he helps Jedediah Smith.
his old mountain man buddy. Lead the caravan to Santa Fe. Fitzpatrick agrees. And each day he and Smith scout ahead for river crossing, camp sites, water holes, and Indian dangers. There's no water here.
In the dreaded Cimarron Desert in southwestern Kansas, Fitzpatrick and Smith. find normally wet water holes dry. They decide that Fitzpatrick will dig at one of the water holes. while Smith scouts ahead for another one. Smith finds the next water hole full.
But too late, he realizes the Comanche are lying in wait. Not for him, but for Buffalo. For the Comanche. Smith will do just fine. The mountain man gets off one shot, a shot that kills the chief of the party, before the Comanche riddles Smith with bullets.
and run them through appliances. one of Fitzpatrick's best friends, and a legendary Mount Man is gone. Don Fitzpatrick's closest brush with death comes three years later when a band of Blackfeet warriors spot him all alone crossing a clearing in southwestern Montana. They whoop and give chase. intent on taking the Mountain Man's scalp.
Fitzpatrick's fleet horse is keeping ahead of the pursuing blackfeet. But Fitzpatrick is forced to stop. When he comes to a 40-foot-high bluff overlooking the Yellowstone River. It's either attempt to fight off several dozen Blackfeet warriors or leap his horse off the bluff. Off the bluff goes horse and rider.
And you've been listening to Dr. Roger McGrath. And also to Miles Dungan, tell the story of Tom Fitzpatrick. and it's when he heads west and discovers the South Pass that America is changed and changed forever. That past that splits the Rocky Mountains.
Missionaries would use it, gold seekers would use it, so too would almost everybody else getting to the Pacific. We start to learn about this Rocky Mountain fur company, the only fur company run by mountain men themselves, and all of the dangers inherent in doing this, and all the territorial battles. And of course, you're dealing not only with the British and other Indian tribes, but with very wealthy Easterners as well. Funding it all. When we come back, more of the remarkable story of legendary mountain man Tom Fitzpatrick.
Here on Our American Stories. Yeah. Support for the show comes from Public, the investing platform for those who take it seriously. On Public, you can build a multi-asset portfolio of stocks, bonds, options, crypto, and now generated assets, which allow you to turn any idea into an investable index with AI. It all starts with your prompt.
From renewable energy companies with high-free cash flow to semiconductor suppliers growing revenue over 20% year over year, you can literally type any prompt and put the AI to work. It screens thousands of stocks, builds a one-of-a-kind index, and lets you backtest it against the SP 500. Then you can invest in a few clicks. Generated assets are like ETFs with infinite possibilities, completely customizable and based on your thesis, not someone else's. Go to public.com/slash podcast and earn an uncapped 1% bonus when you transfer your portfolio.
That's public.com/slash podcast. Paid for by Public Investing. Brokerage Services by Open to the Public Investing Inc. member FINRA and SIPC. Advisory Services by Public Advisors LLC, SEC Registered Advisor.
Generated Assets is an interactive analysis tool. Output is for informational purposes only and is not an investment recommendation or advice. Complete disclosure. Available at public.com/slash disclosures. Uh Life gets messy.
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Sofas start at just $699. Visit washable sofas.com now and bring home a sofa made for life. That's washable sofas.com. Offers are subject to change and certain restrictions may apply. This is Jana Kramer from Windown with Jana Kramer.
Every Mother's Day, I tell myself I'm going to be more thoughtful than flowers because flowers are beautiful, but they don't last. In my house, everyone always ends up in the kitchen: friends, family, the kids. And I love having things around that spark conversation and feel special. That's why I love the Lennox Spice Village, and your mom will too. It's a set of 24 hand-painted little houses that are actually spice jars.
And I swear, people notice it the second they walk in. It's charming, it's nostalgic, and it somehow makes even everyday cooking feel a little more fun. And here's the best part: it actually gets used every day. Whether you're starting the full set or helping her complete one she's loved for years, there's a whole world of Spice Village to explore. This Mother's Day, give her something she'll treasure long after the card is put away.
Trust me, once you see it, you'll want one too. Find the full collection at lennox.com/slash spicevillage. It's tax season, and by now, I know we're all a bit tired of numbers. But here's an important one you need to hear. $16 billion.
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That's 40% off at lifelock.com slash iHeart. Terms apply. And we continue with our American stories and the story of mountain man Tom Fitzpatrick. Let's pick up where we last left off. Off the bluff goes horse and rider.
They crash into the water 40 feet below. and Fitzpatrick's rifle accidentally discharges. An irritant bullet goes through Fitzpatrick's left wrist and hand. Fighting strong currents. Fitzpatrick makes it to the opposite shore and disappears into the woods.
The Blackfeet are not about to quit though. They find a crossing downstream and the pursuit continues. At one point, Fitzpatrick kills two of his pursuers. and eventually the others lose his trail. Because Fitzpatrick's hand will remain disfigured for life, Indians began calling him.
Broken hand. Here's Miles. In the mid-1830s, after a few years, Fitzpatrick saw the writing on the wall. and he oversaw the sale of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company to the archrivals, to the American fur company. And at that point anyway, the entire trade was not long for this world because the silk hat was already proving more popular with gentlemen than the beaver fur hat and that the Far East was outstripping the Wild West and bringing an end to that first major phase of Western development.
Fitzpatrick's life as a beaver trapper and fur trader. is over. But he remains in great demand as a scout and a guide. In 1841, he guides the first pioneer settlers to Oregon and California. and first Catholic missionaries to the Pacific Northwest.
The pioneers are members of the Bartleson Bidwell Party. Bidwell later writes that without Fitzpatrick, Not one of us would ever have reached California. In 1843, Fitzpatrick then comes to the attention of the famous Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton. And Benton recommends Fitzpatrick crucially to his son-in-law. You may have heard of his son-in-law, John C.
Fremont. And Fitzpatrick becomes a guide for Fremont on his second Western expedition. And he also then subsequently scouts for the U.S. Army prior to the Mexican-American War and during the Mexican-American War. He guides the troops led by Stephen Watts Kearney.
At one point, Fitzpatrick carries secret dispatches. for Kearney from New Mexico to Washington, DC. Fremont, Carney, De Smet, and a number of other prominent figures in the West are effusive in their praise of Fitzpatrick.
so do our Indian chiefs. Recognizing this, Congress appoints Fitzpatrick late in 1846 as Indian agent for the tribes of the High Plains. Fitzpatrick's most valuable contribution to Western history was his period spent as an Indian agent. This comes again at the behest of Thomas Hart Benton. And at the behest of Benton, an agency, an Indian agency, massive agency covering a huge swathe of the American West was to be established for the upper Arkansas and Platte regions.
So it covers thousands of square miles from New Mexico to Wyoming and beyond. He was, for most of his life, he was a bachelor, and decides to get married at the age of 50. And he marries into the Arapaho Nation. September around November 1849, his wife's Christian name was Margaret, and she was probably only in her late teens at the time of their marriage. And their marriage, their union, produced two children: a boy.
Andrew and a girl, Virginian. As Indian agent, Fitzpatrick advises the U.S. Army on the construction of forts and trails. and holds regular councils with the various tribes. He also negotiates.
one of the most famous Indian treaties of all time. The Treaty of Fort Laramie, The Spectre hammers out the treaty in 1851 at Horse Creek.
some forty miles east of Fort Laramie, where grazing is better for the thousands of Indian horses. Almost every tribe of the high plains is represented at the negotiations. Making the gathering at Horse Creek the greatest assembly of Indians in Western history. More than twelve thousand Indians are there.
Somehow, Brokenan is able to maintain peace among the various Indian tribes. although most of them are traditional enemies.
So there's this huge council. begins on the 8th of September and the native tribes were determined to outdo the whites and each other in display. Ceremonial robes are worn, faces are elaborately painted and so on and so forth. And the message at this treaty, these treaty negotiations for the federal government was that the days of the buffalo are numbered, emigrants are violating tribal land and to avoid full-scale warfare, the federal government has to be prepared and is prepared to compensate the Plains Indians, but physical boundaries have to be drawn on a map and the tribes must contain themselves within those boundaries. The first issue is quickly agreed upon.
The Indians will not interfere with white migration across the plains in return for annuities. in the form of food and goods. The second issue proves much more difficult. The idea of recognizing and accepting tribal boundaries is foreign to the Indian. Traditional enemies such as the Crow and the Sioux Refused to recognize each other's right to exist anywhere on planet Earth.
Although it took many days of difficult and delicate negotiations, somehow broken in, is able to get general tribal The treaty has implications to this day. The Sioux, the Dakota, were given the Black Hills of the state of Dakota, and they still have a valid claim to that sacred area, and they still insist upon that valid claim. One of his final reports was written in November 1853, and he's direct and he's opinionated as usual, which probably didn't make him very popular. He condemned the development of what would become the reservation policy. He wrote, if penned up in small secluded colonies, they become hospital wards of cholera and smallpox and must be supported at an immense annual cost to the government.
If no alteration is effected in their present state, the future has only starvation in store for them. And his solution was a radical one, which was the assimilation of the white and the native races. At the time, Fitzpatrick hammers out the treaty. He's 52 years old. It's described as being of about medium height.
of somewhat slender frame. The well-knit and muscular. Alert, active, keen-sighted. and with good Irish colour in his cheeks. At the age of 55, After surviving Indian battles, grizzly attacks, raging rivers and mountain blizzards.
Fitzpatrick catches a cold. while in Washington, D.C. to discuss an Indian treaty. and dies of pneumonia. Mm-hmm.
The nation honors him. by burying him in the Congressional Cemetery. making him the only mountain man. to be so honored. And a terrific job on the production, editing, and storytelling by our own Greg Hengler.
And a special thanks to Dr. Roger McGrath, as always. Also, a special thanks to Miles Duncan. Miles lives in Dublin, Ireland, and is an historian specializing in 19th-century Irish history and the American West. And what an Irish-American story Tom Fitzpatrick's was and still is.
It lives on. He sells the Rocky Mountain Fur Company just in the nick of time and then spends the rest of his life as a scout and guide. And my goodness, who he scouts and guides for and on behalf of. Legends are made of such scouting, even helping the U.S. military in the Mexican-American War.
And of course, this remarkable marriage to an Arapaho woman that produces two children. The story of Tom Fitzpatrick here. on our American stories. At CVS, it matters that we're not just in your community, but that we're part of it. It matters that we're here for you when you need us, day or night.
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