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And we continue with our American stories. Our next story comes from our regular contributor, Christopher Klein. Fine's the author of four books and is a frequent contributor to the History Channel. Here's Klein with the story of when the American Irish invaded Canada. Let's take a listen.
On the night of May 31st, 1866, residents of Buffalo, New York saw a most unusual sight as they looked outside their windows. Nearly 800 battle-hardened soldiers dressed in Union blues and Confederate grays marched through the city streets while hauling wagons full of ammunition and rifles. No, these former foes had not come to Buffalo to reignite the Civil War. Instead, They were improbable brothers in arms, united against a common enemy. Grape bread This ragtag army of Irish American Civil War veterans was undertaking one of the most fantastical missions in military history.
to hold Canada hostage and ransom it from the British Government for Ireland's independence.
So, why would any Americans want to attack sweet, peaceable, friendly Canada? While it may be hard to believe today when the United States and Canada shared the longest peaceable international boundary in the world, But things between the United States and Canada weren't always so polite. In fact, during the first century of the history of the United States, the idea of invading Canada was about as American as fireworks on the 4th of July. Just a few months after the first shots were fired at Lexington and Concord in the American Revolution. the Canada army went due north to Quebec.
There were numerous encounters on both sides of the border during the War of 1812. The other thing to keep in mind about this time period is that the flag flying over Canada isn't the maple leaf that we're all familiar with today. But it was the British Union Jack, which was a hated symbol for many of the Irish who were forced to flee their country.
Now, the luck of the Irish was something you really didn't want to have for about seven centuries of world history. because the Irish had the poor fortune of being in the backyard. of what will become the world's most powerful empire. And things were particularly bad for the Irish Catholics who lived under British rule in the 1700s under what were called the penal laws. Under those laws, Irish Catholics were not free to worship, to run for public office, to send their children to Catholic schools, or own a horse that was worth more than five pounds.
They were allowed to own one knife, as long as it was chained down so that it could not be used against the local police. And even in death their rights were restricted since Catholic priests were not allowed to preside over graveside ceremonies. and when the potato crop failed in the eighteen forties and eighteen fifties.
Some Irish believed that the British were trying to exterminate them altogether. More than one million Irish died in what would be called the Great Hunger. Nearly two million fled a shipwreck of an island, and many of them arrived in the United States. These newcomers were unlike any America had seen before. For one thing, They were more refugees than they were immigrants.
They weren't necessarily hungering for American ideals as much as they were literally starving for food. About a quarter of them spoke the Irish language. did not speak English. Many of them are illiterate. but what really sets them apart from most Americans at that time was that they were practicing what was considered an alien religion.
Catholicism. and the more threatened they felt, The iris turn inward, like a snake coiling itself for protection. They clung together in church parishes. fraternal organizations like the Ancient Order of Hibernians. and beginning in 1858, A new organization called the Fenian Brotherhood, which was established to launch a revolution in Ireland.
Many members of the Fenian Brotherhood served in the Civil War to gain knowledge about battlefield tactics and weaponry that they could use for the real fight they wanted to have, which was the one against the British to free Ireland. After the Civil War, the Fenian Brotherhood established its own Irish government in exile right in the heart of New York City. It had its own constitution, its own senate, and its own president. It even sold war bonds in denominations between $10 and $500 to raise money to buy weapons and ammunition. By 1866, the city was a very good thing.
Many Fenian leaders had decided that it made more sense to strike the British right in America's backyard. In the territory of Canada, rather than launching the revolution all the way across the ocean in Ireland. It was an idea that made sense to Fenium member John O'Neill, who had been born in Ireland and witnessed first hand the horrors of the Great Hunger. He had heard tales from his grandfather of ancestors Ew O'Neil and Owen Row O'Neil, who had gained fame by rising up against the British. When O'Neill was summoned to the battlefield in May of 1866, he He said goodbye to his wife and newborn son.
and went off to follow in the footsteps of his forefathers. O'Neill was placed in charge of those 800 men who came out of the woodwork in Buffalo, on May 31, 1866, in what was the fulfillment of his lifelong dream. The governing passion of my life, apart from my duty to my God, O'Neill had written, is to be at the head of an Irish army battling against England for Ireland's rights. For this I live, and for this, if necessary, I am willing to die. O'Neill knew that only one thing could prevent his forces from crossing the Niagara River into Canada, and that was the USS Michigan, which was docked in the port of Buffalo.
Unbeknownst to the ship's captain, the Phenians had a sleeper cell of 17 men who served aboard the USS Michigan. and they knew that ship was not going anywhere without its pilot. whose name happened to be Patrick Murphy. Don't let the name fool you, however. Patrick Murphy was a loyal sailor who would follow all orders.
and the Fenians knew it. They knew the only way they could sabotage the USS Michigan was to take Patrick Murphy out. And I don't mean by killing him. They take him out for a night on the town in Buffalo.
So when the orders were given to put the Michigan into the Niagara River, Patrick Murphy is reportedly spotted arm in arm with a woman stumbling down the streets of Buffalo singing The Wearing of the Green. With the path cleared, O'Neill and the Fenians crossed the Niagara River in the early morning hours of June 1st and planted the Irish flag on British soil. More than twenty four hours passed before O'Neill encountered any Canadian Defence Forces. and it occurs in the early morning hours of June 2nd outside the village of Ridgway, about 20 miles south of Niagara Falls. There the Phenians battle a ragtag army that included farm boys and even students from the University of Toronto who only days before were taking their final exams.
Although outnumbered 3-1, the Fenians had a much more seasoned fighting force thanks to the Civil War experience of their soldiers. And the Fenians end up being victorious at the Battle of Ridgway, which claimed the lives of about 20 men on both sides. John O'Neill would go down in history as the hero of Ridgeway. and be celebrated by many Irish Americans.
However, after the battle, O'Neill realized that his supply lines had been cut and he was going to have no choice but to retreat back to the United States. O'Neill launched further attacks in 1870 and 1871. In fact, Dafenians attacked Canada five times in what are collectively known as the Fenian Raids. These attacks are seminal moments in Canadian history. and helped the establishment of the Canadian Government in 1867, spurred in part by Canadians who are none too happy with the lack of defence forces provided by the British Government.
As for what happened to the Phenians, I will give you the spoiler alert. The idea of holding Canada hostage and ransoming it for Ireland's independence Yeah, it didn't work. And a terrific job on the production, editing, and storytelling by our own Greg Hengler. And a special thanks to Christopher Klein. He's a regular contributor to the History Channel, author of four books, and frequent contributor right here on Our American Stories.
And as Klein put it, the Irish had the poor fortune of being in the backyard of the British Empire. And things weren't much better here. They were refugees. They weren't coming here to seek the American dream, but just, well, just to eat. But boy, the desire to free Ireland with this plan that included bringing Confederate and Union Irish together.
to invade Canada, hold it hostage. What a big, bold, and frankly American idea. The story of 800 Irish soldiers who tried to liberate Ireland by capturing Canada. Here on Our American Stories. People don't listen to radio ads.
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I want to take a second to talk about something that's personal to me. I've had the privilege of working closely with Robert Kraft for a long time. And one thing I've always respected is how seriously he takes up standing up to hate. As a Jewish athlete my identity is something I am proud of. But I also know what it feels like to be singled out for it.
That's why this new commercial for the Blue Square Alliance Against Hate that aired during the big game really hit home. It's about showing up for someone when they're targeted, even if you don't have the perfect words. And sometimes standing next to someone is enough. And you can show support by sharing the blue square. You won't see the engineer that slams the Nissan Rogue's door 13,920 times, or the corrosive chamber that simulates 15 years of life in five months, or the rogue heat baked for over 300 combined hours.
What you will see is a vehicle that can take punch after punch and keep rolling. Nissan, number one in new vehicle quality among mainstream brands by JD Power. We put it through the worst, so you get its best. Yeah. For JD Power 2025 US Initial Quality Study Award information, visit jdpower.com/slash awards.
Awards based on 2025 model year, newer models may be shown. Ready or not, here they come. The new generation of problem solvers, innovators, and greatness is here. Girls who are strong, smart, and bold, who lift each other up and are forging their own paths forward. They're everything they set out to be and nothing you expect them to be.
Our job is to make sure everyone recognizes the potential she already has and to give her opportunities to let it shine. With your support, these girls are well on their way to changing the world, whether you're ready for them or not. Girls in. Yeah.
