This is an iHeart Podcast. Hey, what's up? It's Mario Lopez. Back to schools, an exciting time, but it can also be overwhelming, and kids may feel isolated. A vulnerability that human traffickers can exploit.
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This is Lee Habib, and this is Our American Stories. Up next the story of us. The Story of America series with Hillsdale College Professor and author of Land of Hope. Bill McClay After the Civil War, America was a nation on the move. and growing rapidly.
Let's get into the story. Here's Bill. The Industrial Revolution is something unrivaled. unprecedented in the ways it transformed American life. The fact is, for most of our history, the American people have been a rural people.
with a particular and profound distrust of cities. There were at the dawn of the nineteenth century only six cities in the entire country with a population of over 8,000 people. These numbers barely qualify for city status by almost any measure. And that was in a nation of nearly five million people. It was agriculture, agriculture that dominated.
the lives of Americans. Agricultural life was seen as a morally superior way of life. This wasn't a view taken only by farmers. It was taken by men like Thomas Jefferson, who praised those who labor in the earth. The mobs of great cities add just so much to the support of pure government.
as sores do to the strength of the human body. A harsh assessor from the man who drafted our nation's Declaration of Independence. and it might be added a man who loved the city of Paris. His fellow Virginian, a man who would come to be known as the indispensable American, had similar thoughts. Here's just one short statement by George Washington on urban life.
The tumultuous populace of large cities are ever to be dreaded. These opinions are not only held by Virginians. John Adams, a Bostonian. Here's what he said. In the present state of society and manners in America, with the people living chiefly by agriculture in small numbers sprinkled over large tracts of land.
they are not subject to those panics and transports, those contagions of madness and folly, which are seen in the countries where large numbers live in small places. The fact is, the urban way of life did not come naturally or easily to America. But when it came, it came quickly. with remarkable speed. By eighteen ninety, The nation's urban population would explode from a mere 3% to 33%.
The nation's total population grew by twelve times, and the cities had grown even faster. By the year 1900, there were six cities with a population of more than five hundred thousand.
Now you're talking about a city. An unimaginable number, an unimaginable size and scale just 90 years after. The city of Chicago experienced unfathomable growth. In 1850, the city had a population of 30,000. By 1870 that number had skyrocketed to 300,000.
And despite a devastating fire that wiped out a third of the city in 1871, the Windy City's population would catapult to 1.1 million in 1890. Wow, this is amazing, astonishing growth. by any measure of the imagination. But American cities didn't just get bigger, their essential character and nature changed too. Prior to the 1870s, most American cities were what we would call walking cities.
Homes and churches and businesses were all packed together. Kolstiger. An especially important feature for business and work, but also for life outside of work. After 1870, city life changed in profound ways. As the cities grew larger geographically, populations were separated by class.
with the poorest neighborhoods in the inner core, surrounded by wealthy areas developed in the outer regions of the city. For many people, this transformation had negative side effects for city living. The wealthy could retreat to the outskirts. The poor were crowded into tenement buildings designed to maximize inhabited space. but which drove unhealthy living conditions.
Fire hazards. Indeed, infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and the measles ravage the urban cores. and criminal ganglions had equally ugly effects. And that's not counting atrocious public sanitation. with many public spaces relying on cesspools rather than sewage systems.
all of which wreaked havoc on local water supplies. The witty journalist H. L. Mencken once described summer in Baltimore as smelling like a billion pole cats. And he wasn't much exaggerating.
This is why anyone who could afford to get out of the urban core did just that. There were other problems lurking in the urban core, most noticeably in the stark decline. of workplace standards. The 60-hour workweek had become routine and dangerous conditions prevailed at many factories and workplaces in our urban centers. How bad were things?
In nineteen thirteen alone, there was an unimaginable twenty five thousand workplace fatalities in America. Best. And then there was the disgraceful use of children in the workplace. In 1880, nearly one in six children in the country were working full-time jobs. That's nearly twenty percent.
Even under the very best management and optimal conditions, the modern factory was a terribly inhuman and unsafe place to work. The pressure of working under the clock continually, what some called the tyranny of the clock, and the never ending monotony of performing highly repetitive tasks, had little in common with the type of work and workmanship found in smaller, less scaled workplaces. and even less in common with the work and working conditions of country life. of rural life. Steel mills, for instance, never shut down.
They had to be operated 24 hours a day to recoup their investment for shareholders and produce a profit. The fact is, the extreme scale of new industries and the concentration of power that went with them came at a real human cost. A profound From us. The best tool available for workers to improve their working life. Was unionization.
A union allowed workers to get together and organize and negotiate as a group rather than as random and siloed individuals. And their biggest weapon. Was the withholding of their labor. A strike. Americans until this time were generally hesitant to join units.
for many reasons. Individualism ran through the character of the American nation. practically embedded in our DNA. Workers also tended to see their working class status as temporary. Always hoping through their own effort, and merit to rise above their station.
to rise into the middle class and even beyond. There were also ethnic and racial tensions on the work front, especially as more and more immigrants poured into the cities and into city factories. It made organizing as a single cohesive unit that much more difficult. There were some early union successes. And those successes were of skilled workers' union.
craft unions. These skilled workers were easier to organize, and under the charismatic leadership of Samuel Gompers. The American Federation of Labor. The AF of L was able to help those skilled workers with issues that range from growing wages to shortening work weeks and to improve safety conditions on the job. Bye.
But for the large and growing pool of unskilled workers, there was no group like the AF of L. no group that had managed to successfully organize them. no Samuel Gompers to represent. The Story of America series continues the story of us. Time for a sofa upgrade?
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Returns. Shop now at washable sofas.com. Authors are subject to change and certain restrictions may apply. Hey, what's up, it's Mario Lopez. Back to schools, an exciting time, but it can also be overwhelming and kids may feel isolated, a vulnerability that human traffickers can exploit.
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Water is life. But do you know that almost half of the homes on the Navajo Reservation do not have clean running water? With your support, St. Bonaventure Indian Mission and School is ready to give water to Navajo families.
So we invite you to help provide this precious gift of life to those in need. Contrary to many average Americans, Navajo families survive on just 10 gallons of water per day. You can help support St. Bonaventure's water delivery program by going to stbonaventuremission.org. And we return to Our American Stories and our Story of America series with Professor Bill McClay of Hillsdale College.
When we last left off, Bill was telling us about the pitfalls of the Industrial Revolution. And how Americans struggle to make sense with the massive changes going on around them. Let's return to this story. The massive influx of immigrants into American cities was a very big part of the industrialization story. Just as immigration itself was a part of America's story.
The idea that our shores, our nation, would be a refuge of sorts, political, economic, and religious dates back to the Puritans after all. But this new wave of immigration was different. The fact is, most American immigrants prior to the Industrial Revolution came from northern and western Europe, with the majority having British heritage. But post-Civil War, huge new waves of immigrants would forever change American And these waves were just that, waves. Here are the numbers.
Between 1880 and 1920, an estimated 20 million. New immigrants landed on our shores. And many experts believe that number is actually quite a bit higher. And this new wave of immigrants increasingly came from Slavic, Latin, and Jewish backgrounds. Their religions were different.
As were their languages, costumes. and political habits and understandings. Those differences would change the country in ways no one could possibly have Yeah. One thing we do know are the reasons these new waves of immigrants came. to escape poverty.
to run from famine. to escape religious persecution. especially Jewish immigrants who had experienced violent pogroms, and they came to escape political corruption or the collapse of governments, too. But millions also came for the sheer promise of our country. Their relatives may have come before them.
And they heard firsthand not just about the promise of America. But real life success stories.
Soon entire extended families would find their way. to the American shores. Add to all of that the growing demand for fresh, unskilled laborers from our growing industries, and in part growing to produce the goods and products to feed and house and clothe not just America's growing population, but the world's. The promise of steady employment and the ability to move up, the ability to raise your status in class and lifestyle. With a powerful lure, and millions came.
to do just that. They were in a very profound and meaningful way, leaving the old world. for a new one. And that shock. That radical adjustment was no easy thing.
These immigrants were not just moving from one country to another, they were moving from one era to another. They were in a profound sense Time travelers. Moving. From feudalism. to modernity.
They left behind all they knew and understood, and left behind a life that for centuries. had essentially been the same. eking out a living as her parents and grandparents and great grandparents had done. The drama of it all, the sheer shock of it all, is hard to imagine. The sheer courage it took to uproot yourself and your family and everything you knew.
to improve your family's prospects. is perhaps the most impressive feature of these new waves of immigrants. They risked it all to make a better life. the kids and grandkids. at great sacrifice, enormous sacrifice.
And yet, so did the Puritans, so did many previous immigrants in American history, and always. has been an act of boldness. and faith. to immigrate. They persisted even through the very worst of modern life and the problems of tenement life.
The disorder and decay of urban American life, disorienting as it all must have been. making epic long voyages to our shore in the hulls of large and small ships alike. Once they made their way through the protocols of Ellis Island, These legal immigrants would usually connect with their family or friends, those who'd come before them. gathering in ethnic neighborhoods. famous neighborhoods like those in New York City.
In Lower Manhattan there was little Italy. Chinatown. In parts of Queens still to this day you'll find high concentrations of Greek families. Brooklyn's Brighton Beach. is still predominantly Russian and has the nickname Little Ogessa.
These neighborhoods would act as a kind of staging space from which to launch lives, a bridge between the old country and the new. which helped to blunt the cultural shock. and ease the transition from the old world In short, these ethnic enclaves served a profound purpose, helping these new immigrants grow accustomed. Little by little, to a radically different way of life. Cities filled with gigantic buildings and loud street carts and the blazing lights.
day and night the sights and sounds and smells of modern Urban life. But this ethnic separation also came with a cost because the very idea of America, the ideal of America, Was out of a melting pot. And these new waves of immigrants didn't melt quickly into larger society. That separateness was one of the reasons. Many of the new ethnic groups were treated with suspicion.
But their sheer numbers made it all but impossible to ignore them. In 1890, four out of five New Yorkers were foreign born. Four out of five. There were more Irish in America than in the largest Irish city, Dublin. Chicago had the largest Czech population in the world.
And had the second largest Polish population in the world, second only to Poland's largest city, Warsaw. How would such a wildly diverse population, filled with such different cultures and languages and faiths, become a cohesive whole? in a functioning America. It was a question many native-born Americans asked themselves, and some began to act on their questions and concerns, calling to restrict immigration. And their motives were mixed.
Many Americans felt their own jobs were being threatened by the influx of cheaper immigrant labor. Others felt these new waves of immigration were a threat to American culture, particularly the ideal of American self-reliance. and many distrusted the largely Catholic population of the immigrants. Fearing that Catholic obedience to the Pope would make Catholics unreliable citizens of the United States. Others believed In the cultural inferiority of the Latin and Slavic immigrants as well.
Which is not to say that the entire American population opposed immigration. Far from it. But it is true to say that there was a mounting desire in the land. to begin restricting immigration. What's clear looking back at this moment in history is this.
The massive wave of immigration that America experienced during that time cannot be properly understood without understanding the massive changes. that America was experiencing at that time. Yeah. and which propelled the waves of immigration in the first place. These combined forces were bigger than any one person or organization could possibly fathom.
let alone control. There was something at once great And even magnificent, but also terrifying about the speed of this economic and cultural transformation America was experiencing. A force that uprooted the lives of so many people. but improve the lives of so many. Why else would so many more immigrants choose to come with all the attendant risks?
if that were not the case. This great unsettlement happened in a nation that was accustomed to great unsettlements. Our nation was born as a result of many great unsettlements. including those that sailed for the Mayflower, to the Revolutionary War and the Civil War? And once landing on our shores, as Tocqueville noted, Americans were constantly uprooted.
moving from one place to the next, the settlement of the West itself. was a great unsettlement. Of sorts. But we should never forget the real human drama of it all. The losses that were borne for every game.
even assimilation itself when it worked and when it was successful. came with a price. It came with a cost. A bittersweet. If not bitter.
Sigh. It's hard to think. of grandparents who took that great leap and that great voyage only to watch their children and grandchildren grow up and move away from them. And be absorbed into a culture they neither understood. nor could fully enter into.
without giving up a part of their essential identity. This is where the term brutal bargain sprang from. the price that first generation of immigrants paid or their families' futures. It is awe-inspiring. As it is.
terrifying. And a terrific job on the production, editing, and storytelling by our own Monty Montgomery. And a special thanks to Professor Bill McClay. He teaches at Hillsdale College. and his book, Land of Hope, is just a terrific read.
Go to Amazon or the usual suspects. and pick it up. Another installment of the Story of Us, the Story of America series. Here on Our American Stories. Hey, what's up?
It's Marla Lopez. Back to schools. An exciting time, but it can also be overwhelming and kids may feel isolated, a vulnerability that human traffickers can exploit. Human trafficking doesn't always look like what you expect. Everyday moments can become opportunities for someone with bad intentions, whether you're a parent, teacher, coach, or neighbor, Check in.
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