Hey, it's me, Tyla. Bose open earbuds are stylish. The color, the way it looks, it looks almost like an earring, you know, so I feel like I could go with anything. My style is very fun.
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Subject to availability, see homedepot.com slash delivery for details. It's beginning to sound a lot like the holidays. The Roku Channel, your home for free and premium TV, is giving you access to holiday music and genre bass stations from iHeart all for free. Find the soundtrack of the season with channels like iHeart Christmas and North Pole Radio. The Roku Channel is available on all Roku devices, web, Amazon Fire TV, Google TV, Samsung TVs and the Roku mobile app on iOS and Android devices. So stream what you love and turn up the cheer with iHeart Radio on the Roku Channel.
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See terms and conditions. 18 plus. Make your holiday entertainment sound spectacular with Vizio's all-in-one soundbar. Now just $129.99 at Best Buy. Featuring Dolby Atmos and two built-in subwoofers, cinema quality sound is closer than ever. Plus, this Vizio soundbar has the simplest setup yet so you can stream your favorite holiday playlist from iHeart Radio in minutes. Give the gift of incredible sound or treat yourself to a serious audio upgrade.
Find the Vizio all-in-one soundbar at Best Buy for just $129.99 and make your holiday sound better than ever. And we return to Our American Stories. Up next, another installment of our series about us.
The Story of America series with Hillsdale College professor and author of the terrific book, Land of Hope, Professor Bill Maclay. In 1828, a political revolution took place. Andrew Jackson, a political outsider from the frontier, had beaten the son of a president. No, the son of a founder, John Quincy Adams, in a hot and often vile election. Their second showdown. Let's get into the story.
Here's Bill Maclay. He taught the country a lesson. He taught Adams a lesson. The hard way. That to be high-minded and snobbish was not going to work with this growing, expanding, and diverse electorate. Often highly, imperfectly educated electorate in America. That was the reality of the thing.
It's a reality that's still with us. Mass democracy requires a discourse, a language, a mode of expression that can reach people where they are. Instead of telling them, well, if you want to know what's going on, you've got to raise yourself to my level. You've got to go to college. You've got to get a degree. You've got to learn how to talk like I do.
No, you've got to learn how to talk like they do. One symbolic expression of this change was the inauguration of Jackson in Washington, which was not like the previous affairs that had been decorous and very much high-level ritual, almost liturgical affairs. In this case, the fans of Jackson, many of whom were rather rough-hewn characters and rowdy in their demeanor, they crowded into the city. They lined Pennsylvania Avenue. They came to receptions at the White House.
And there are all kinds of stories about them muddying the carpets with their muddy boots and this sort of thing, which are as much myth as truth. But the point is, this reflected a change, a change in the climate, a change in the climate of American democratic politics. Jackson was a self-made man, if there ever was one. He was a frontiersman. He had a hard life. He was a fighter. He was a dueler. He'd risen the ladder of American society through sheer force of his will, his talents, his determination, but never forgetting where he came from, never forgetting he was one of the common people and letting them know he remembered his roots.
As the saying goes, he didn't try to rise above his raising. He was empathic towards ordinary people, towards working-class people, strivers who hadn't come as far as he had, but whose objectives were not unlike his. They wanted to be landowners.
They wanted to be their own boss, eventually. That was the American way of thinking about equality, to have that element of opportunity, of striving. Jackson brings in a different vision of America. It's different from Jefferson. Jefferson was a very democratic guy in a lot of ways. Jefferson was, in his own way, an anti-elitist. He famously said that a moral issue presented to a plowman and a professor might well be decided better by the plowman. He didn't place stock in erudition for its own sake, and he did write the words, all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. Those were Jefferson's words. And as the country evolved, those words become more and more of a reality. But Jefferson's vision of democracy included an emphasis on education.
And that's, by the way, that's what's never left us. We have huge faith in the power of education, proper education, to lift people out of the circumstances into which they were born and improve their lot in life. Jefferson's vision was that the common man needed to be lifted up by a proper education, and thus he would be able to speak the language of and engage in debate with those who were more privileged in their upbringing, so they wouldn't have to defer to the well-born. Jackson, on the other hand, believed the common man was perfectly well equipped as he was.
He didn't need to be raised up. He was perfectly equipped as he was to vote and to govern as they were. So this great respect for the common man's abilities, without being tutored in the direction of democracy, is what makes us refer to Jackson as our first populist president. Now, I'm not going to take time to try to define the term populism, which has a lot of different definitions, but this is one way of defining it. Populism is a belief in the power of the people as they are, without vetting, without selectivity, without heredity, without educational credentials. The power of the common person to govern himself and herself in a democratic arena in which there's a level playing field. So that's one way of looking at populism. Populism is this faith in the untutored, good, common sense of the ordinary person. And populism almost always carries with it a resentment of elites.
There's an edge of bitterness often in populism towards those who are well-born. And this certainly showed itself with Jackson. A lot of what he did as president was to stop things from happening. He was sort of like a hockey goalie. No, you're not going to score with me, except he was more aggressive than a hockey goalie.
He'd go up the ice. He used his veto pen often, more than all the other prior presidents combined. He was the president's veto. And above all else, the great passion of his presidential career was the National Bank. He opposed the National Bank and he was unwaveringly opposed to its being re-chartered. The charter of the bank ran out and would have to be re-chartered.
It was not established in perpetuity. So that became the great, we called it the bank war, his war against the bank. All the political cartoonists had so much fun with depicting Jackson and the bank war. And he was not afraid to openly challenge the Supreme Court.
And John Marshall, remember that burr in the saddle imposed on Jefferson by Adams and still serving as chief justice of the Supreme Court, a federalist remnant in this sea of Democrats. And you've been listening to Professor Bill Maclay share with us the story of Andrew Jackson, his rise to power and ultimately to the White House and the first real populist president, understanding that there's a way to reach this mass democracy and the masses. And it's not through, well, highfalutin language.
It's the language that people use. Jackson, as Professor Maclay noted, stopped things. He used his power to block, block legislation time and again, more times than any president before him.
When we return, more of the story of the rise of populism in America, the story of Andrew Jackson's presidency continues here on Our American Stories. Black Friday is coming. And for the adults in your life who love the coolest toys, well, there's something for them this year, too. Bartesian is the premier craft cocktail maker that automatically makes more than 60 seasonal and classic cocktails, each in under 30 seconds at the push of a button. And right now, Bartesian is having a huge site wide sale. You can get $100 off any cocktail maker or cocktail maker bundle when you spend $400 or more. So if the cocktail lover in your life has been good this year or the right kind of bad, get them Bartesian at the push of a button. Make bar quality cosmopolitans, martinis, manhattans and more, all in just 30 seconds, all for $100 off.
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See terms and conditions. 18 plus. Make your holiday entertainment sound spectacular with Vizio's all-in-one soundbar, now just $129.99 at Best Buy. Featuring Dolby Atmos and two built-in subwoofers, cinema quality sound is closer than ever. Plus, this Vizio soundbar has the simplest setup yet, so you can stream your favorite holiday playlist from iHeart Radio in minutes. Give the gift of incredible sound or treat yourself to a serious audio upgrade.
Find the Vizio all-in-one soundbar at Best Buy for just $129.99 and make your holiday sound better than ever. And we return to Our American Stories and our series about us. The Story of America series with Professor Bill Maclay, author of the terrific book Land of Hope. When we last left off, Professor Maclay was describing Andrew Jackson's politics. He was an anti-elitist. He hadn't forgotten his roots after all, and he'd opposed what we'd call big government today, preferring turnover in our nation's halls of power.
Let's return to the story here again as Professor Bill Maclay. Now, like Jefferson, Jackson was a strict constructionist. He did not believe in the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution as a gateway to all kinds of other goodies. He wanted to keep government limited. He remembered Jefferson saying that government governs best, that governs least, and that really reflected the sentiments of Jackson. He was also a great opponent of what he saw as the alliance of government and business, what we today would call crony capitalism. He would have opposed the growth of what we call today the administrative state, these agencies not accountable to the voters, not held accountable to rotation in office, which was a figure that Jackson often used. It was an approach to service for the public that he favored.
That is that nobody should serve in office for very long. What's important is to move him along so that after three years, people or whatever period of time you want to rotate into, after that period of time, people start to develop roots. They start to develop contacts.
They send out tentacles. It's only human nature. So move them along before that happens, before they develop a self-interest in the fortunes of their office, and thereby they'll serve the public interest. That was more important to him than being experts. He had a really strong aversion to self-proclaimed expertise and expert knowledge. So there are good aspects of that and there are bad aspects of that from our present standpoint. But we want a common person with no knowledge of nuclear physics to run nuclear regulatory agencies.
Probably not. But there are many other things where the installation of experts leads to an evisceration of democracy itself. Really a fascinating character and one whose fortunes have gone up and down in the assessment provided him by historians. One of the things that made his reputation go down, and it stayed down, was his Indian policy.
What to do with the Native American population in this ever-expanding American colossus bent on occupying the entire continent as an expression of its manifest destiny. He was a man of the people. He was a man of the common man. But he didn't fully extend this empathy to Native Americans, whom he feared and also in some ways looked down on. He also rejected their claim that American land was their homeland. To be fair to Jackson, there were a lot of other points of view that were much less humane than the path that he settled on. But there were also points of view that were much more humane in recognizing that Indians might have some right to their ancestral lands. And that moving them to territory that was of no current use to the Western European, white European population was not necessarily the most humane approach. His answer was to resettle the tribes in the eastern part of the country, to land west of the Mississippi River. The Indian Removal Act was signed into law in 1835, and it relocated close to 50,000 Indians, 15,000 more of which would be relocated after Jackson's presidency when the army forced the Cherokees in Georgia to depart for the Oklahoma Territory, along a brutal 800-mile path that would become known as the Trail of Tears, along which nearly 4,000 Indians would lose their lives. One French visitor to America wrote eloquently about the policy of Indian removal.
He witnessed it firsthand in 1831 when he stumbled on, by mere chance, a group of Choctaw Indians crossing the Mississippi River near Memphis. And here is what that Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in his epic work called Democracy in America. It is impossible to conceive the extent of the sufferings which attend these forced emigrations. They are undertaken by a people already exhausted and reduced. And the countries to which the newcomers betake themselves are inhabited by other tribes, which receive them with jealous hostility.
Hunger is in the rear. War awaits them, and misery besets them on all sides. In the hope of escaping from such a host of enemies, they separate, and each individual endeavors to procure the means of supporting his existence in solitude and secrecy, living in the immensity of the desert like an outcast in civilized society.
The social tie which distress had long since weakened is then dissolved. They've lost their country, and their people soon desert them. Their families are obliterated. The names they bore in common are forgotten. Their language perishes, and all the traces of their origin disappear. Their nation has ceased to exist except in the recollection of the antiquaries of America and a few of the learned of Europe. I should be sorry to have my reader suppose that I am coloring the picture too highly. I saw with my own eyes several of the cases of misery which I have been describing.
And I was the witness of sufferings which I have not the power to portray. Tocqueville ended this passage on the subject, and it ended the first volume of his amazing book, Democracy in America, with these words. These are great evils, and it must be added that they appear to me to be irremediable. I believe that the Indian nations of North America are doomed to perish, and that whenever the Europeans shall be established on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, that race of men will be no more.
The Indians had only the two alternatives of war or civilization. In other words, they must either have destroyed the Europeans or become their equals. That book of Tocqueville's, the two-volume set called Democracy in America, may be the greatest study of American life and culture ever written. It captured very good things and great things about the nation, but it also captured the nation's flaws. I often tell my students if they were to pick one work on America to take to a desert island, only that one work, I would still say Democracy in America, published in the 1830s and 1840s in two volumes, would be the choice, because Tocqueville captures many things about America that are a permanent part of our national character.
Our makeup have not changed, and one of those elements is the elements of tragedy that have attended every stage of our development, every stage of our expansion. Tocqueville was not an American booster, not an American cheerleader, but he was an astute and objective observer from the foreign land of France. In fact, he often entered into his explorations with explicitly the thought, how can we in Europe learn from the American experience? Because America, as he saw it, was the vanguard of the future. All nations of the world were going to become democratic. America was leading the way, so let us look closely at America. He advised and learned from its successes, from its failures, from its tragedies, and from its triumphs.
And a terrific job on the production, editing, and storytelling by our own Monty Montgomery, himself a Hillsdale College graduate, and a special thanks to Professor Bill Maclay, the story of Andrew Jackson in the Jacksonian era, here on Our American Stories. It's beginning to sound a lot like the holidays. The Roku Channel, your home for free and premium TV, is giving you access to holiday music and genre bass stations from iHeart, all for free. Find the soundtrack of the season with channels like iHeart Christmas and North Pole Radio. The Roku Channel is available on all Roku devices, web, Amazon Fire TV, Google TV, Samsung TVs, and the Roku mobile app on iOS and Android devices. So stream what you love and turn up the cheer with iHeart Radio on the Roku Channel.
Happy streaming. We've all got a thing, an obsession. For some of us, it's vintage fashion, our cars, anything we can collect. They all live under one roof, eBay.
It's where closets get filled with statement pieces and vintage finds, where must-have sneakers wait for you, and designer handbags are the real deal. On eBay, doors open to stacks of the rarest trading cards and a garage stocked with all the car parts you need for any DIY job. eBay's home to whatever thing you're into that keeps you up at night.
eBay, things people love. Make someone's holiday unforgettable with a Vizio 50-inch 4K Smart TV, now just $239.99 at Target. Experience stunning clarity that brings movie marathons to life like never before. With Watch Free Plus built in, enjoy free live and on-demand TV right out of the box. Plus, stream all your favorite holiday songs with the iHeart Radio app. Whether it's a gift for the family or an upgrade to your own setup, this incredible value delivers 4K brilliance without breaking your holiday budget.
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Kids demanded his release. I'm Daniel Alarcon. From Serial Productions and The New York Times comes The Good Whale, a story about the wildly ambitious science experiment to return Keiko to the ocean. Listen to new episodes on Thursdays. Want early access to the whole show?
Subscribe to The Times at nytimes.com slash podcasts to listen on Apple Podcasts and Spotify. Hey, come on in. Small Business Saturday is right around the corner. And so was that shop you've been meaning to check out. On November 30th, support your local community by shopping small on Small Business Saturday founded by American Express. Pick up a new outfit, a handmade gift, some vintage vinyl, maybe even some local tea. Thanks so much. See you soon. Shop on Small Business Saturday, November 30th. That's the powerful packing of American Express.
