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Um And we return to our American stories. Up next, another installment of our series About Us, the Story of America series, with Hillsdale College professor and author of the terrific book, Land of Hope, Bill McClay. There's also a wonderful young reader's edition of Land of Hope. If you know or have kids in your life, by all means, pick up this book at Amazon or the usual suspects. You won't regret it.
When the framers drafted the Constitution, they did so with many goals in mind, but one we might not think about is the goal of managing conflict. In fact, it could be said that the Constitution was designed for conflict. Let's get into the story. Here's Bill McClay. One of the biggest issues that needed to be resolved was The question of representation.
How were the different entities that made up the United States to be represented? How are the people to be represented in the Congress? There was a conflict right off the bat. Madison introduced a plan for representation by population. the more populated a state was.
the more representatives it would have. in the Congress. And this was rightly and understandably objected to. by the small states which had less population, but they were states also, and they felt representation should be by state, not by population.
So you have these two very different views, both of which have some legitimacy to them. Neither one is j is outlandish.
So, this was a clash of principle and not just of competing interests. It was certainly competing interests, but you should never be content when people tell you this is a clash over interests, because interests generally have interest. have principles lurking behind them. And this definitely did. What did it mean to be represented?
So, what they came up with with the help of Roger Sherman of Connecticut. was the Great Compromise. And the Great Compromise consisted of having a Congress that had two houses. Two houses One, the lower house, so-called the House of Representatives, would apportion representation according to population.
So the big states like Virginia would get. Proportionally more representatives than smaller states like Rhode Island. But there would be a second house. The Senate, which would be representative of the states, every state, irrespective of its size or population. would have two representatives called senators.
And the Senate would be much smaller as a result. You know, we now have 50 states, but only 100 members of the Senate. Many, many more members, four times over four times as many members of the House of Representatives today.
So This was the solution. Each house had certain powers that were exclusive to it. The House of Representatives got to initiate spending bills, appropriations. They had the power of the purse to initiate bills. But bills had to pass both houses, so it did have to run the gauntlet of the Senate eventually.
Appropriations bills did. But the Senate had many, many of privileges or responsibilities that were exclusively its. The Senate ratified treaties. The Senate had an advise and consent function. In which it nominees to the cabinet and other executive appointments.
Had to be consented to by the Senate. The Senate would have the power to examine and validate those nominations. Senators had six-year terms of office.
So he didn't have to run for election as often. that meant they could be more detached, less worried about doing something on principle that the population might object to. That's one reason why the ratification of treaties, for example, would be the province of the Senate. They could be more deliberative. People often refer to the Senate as the world's greatest deliberative body.
That's the idea they could think along a longer track. House of Representatives, however, it was a different matter. The representatives ran every two years.
So they were, as soon as they got elected, they were thinking about being reelected. And that meant they had to be very, very in tune with what their constituencies were thinking at any particular time.
So it's the more popular house, it's the one more in touch with the people by design. The Senate, by design, is less so, more, you could say, aristocratic. in its bearing. And this is all by design. One other thing that we should mention is that.
This new government, this new constitution, the constitution of 1787. Had much greater powers, especially in the executive branch. But It was very important that the powers given to the government were enumerated. That is, they're numbered, they're finite, they're defined. If something wasn't enumerated, You can do this, you can't do this.
then the assumption was you couldn't do it. The powers that were given, the charter that was given to the national government, enumerated those powers. It was to be a limited government. That's what we're getting at here. It's a limited government.
They would also be controlled by the separation of powers. And the clashes. that the separation of powers would inevitably result in. To the public good. Not always the most efficient way of doing business.
If you want to just have somebody with a stroke of a pen bring something into being, then the Constitution is not for you. But if you want to make sure that all political entities are represented, and have a voice. and have an ability to speak against things that they think are against their interests or against their principles. Then the Constitution does the job. And it is very good, not perfect, but very good at inhibiting governments from doing rash and foolish things.
We've done plenty of rash and foolish things, as we'll talk about in the course of this discussion. But the Constitution has a tendency to inhibit. That's it. It was designed. For conflict.
And let me repeat that. The Constitution was designed For conflict, it presumed human beings, being human beings, would always differ in their goals and intentions, their conceptions, their interests. The interests of their region, of their section, of their line of work. All of these things. You could try to eliminate conflict altogether by giving everybody the same ideas.
And, well, you don't have a free society if you have that. Pure and simple. Or you can allow for the free play I have opinions. of perspectives and create a mechanism where those different points of view can come into conflict with one another and fight it out not literally fight it out but fight it out within the legislative process to decide who prevails. And by that manner, you arrive at a greater degree of unanimity than you're going to get if you try to make everybody believe the same thing.
So that's what the Constitution is about. It's a charter for conflict. That's not the way we tend to teach it in civics class, but it's true. A good constitution. is one that is structured in a way that's in accordance with human nature.
It goes along. With our quarrelsome, contentious, disparate, pluralistic nature. It's structured so that conflicts can be negotiated and channeled for the greater good of the largest. part of the public. I like to compare it to an internal combustion engine.
Which has a series of explosions. When you drive a car, you're driving a machine that's being powered by explosions, constant explosions, but the explosions take place. in chambers, in cylinders. They drive pistons. They drive a crankshaft that drives the wheels of your car and moves it down the road with great power.
So the energy released by these explosions is channeled. for the public good. The Constitution is designed just such a way. But it's designed to work with human nature. not against it, with the grain, not against the grain.
And in some sense, the Constitution provides us with the rules of engagement. by which we conduct politics. And a terrific job on the editing, production, and storytelling by our own Monty Montgomery, himself a Hillsdale College grad. And a special thanks to Hillsdale College professor. Bill McClay, he's the author of Land of Hope.
And there's also a wonderful young reader's edition of Land of Hope. If you know or have kids in your life, by all means, pick up this book. Go to amazon.com for the usual suspects. And by the way, it's just so true, gridlock is a feature of the Constitution, not a bug. It was designed to manage conflict.
The story of us the story of America and our Constitution. Here on Our American Stories. No one knows what the future holds, but you deserve a weather app that can help. Weatherbug is easy to use and provides forecasts for your every need, from storm warnings to pollen levels, right at your fingertips. Get the fastest local alerts and comprehensive 10-day forecasts wherever you are.
It's hyper-local, real-time, customizable alerts. Make sure the weather never takes you by surprise so you can plan every day with confidence. Download the free weather bug app from the App Store today and start getting accurate weather forecasts 24-7. This is Julian Edelman from Games with Names. I want to take a second to talk about something that's personal to me.
I've had the privilege of working closely with Robert Kraft for a long time. And one thing I've always respected is how seriously he takes up standing up to hate. As a Jewish athlete my identity is something I am proud of. But I also know what it feels like to be singled out for it. That's why this new commercial for the Blue Square Alliance Against Hate that aired during the big game really hit home.
It's about showing up for someone when they're targeted, even if you don't have the perfect words. And sometimes standing next to someone is enough. And you can show support by sharing the blue square. When people turn to healthcare for weight loss, they're looking for real support. That's why more people are choosing orderlymeds.com.
Orderly Meds connects you with real doctors and access to proven GLP-1 medications like stemagglutide and terzepatide. No guessing, just a more supportive experience. And all shipped directly to your door in discrete packaging. Do your research, ask questions, then visit orderlymeds.com/slash podcast for an exclusive offer. That's orderlymeds.com/slash podcast.
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Mm-hmm.
