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How Samuel Colt Won the West With One Invention

Our American Stories / Lee Habeeb
The Truth Network Radio
July 18, 2025 3:00 am

How Samuel Colt Won the West With One Invention

Our American Stories / Lee Habeeb

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July 18, 2025 3:00 am

Samuel Colt's life was marked by both success and struggle. Born in 1814, Colt lost his mother and sister to tuberculosis and then his brother and another sister to suicide. Despite these hardships, Colt developed a passion for inventing and became fascinated with guns. He created the Colt Revolver, a revolutionary firearm that could fire multiple times without reloading. Colt's business soared, and he became a wealthy and influential figure in American society. However, his success was not without its challenges, and Colt faced criticism for supplying arms to both sides during the Civil War. Despite this, Colt's legacy as a pioneer in gun manufacturing and industrialization continues to be celebrated today.

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And the American people coming to you from the city where the West begins, Fort Worth, Texas. There's an Old West adage that goes something like this. Quote, God created man. and Abe Lincoln freed them. but Sam Colt made them equal.

Colt Revolver has been called the peacemaker, the equalizer, and the gun that won the West. Phil Anschutz writes in Out Where the West Begins: Samuel Colt's life was the American story written in capital letters. Here's Greg Henglo, who the story of Samuel Colt. Samuel Colt is born July 19, 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut. His first five years of life are spent in privilege because of his father's business success.

But from the age of six to 14, Samuel Colt loses his mother and sister to tuberculosis. and then loses a brother and another sister to suicide. At 11, he's indentured to a farmer. Colt begins reading from the Compendium of Knowledge, a scientific encyclopedia containing biographies of famous inventors. He gains knowledge of practical chemistry and becomes obsessed over fireworks and underwater explosives.

Then, after one of his fireworks experiments sets his school ablaze, he's expelled. Here's William Hoseley. Author of Colt. The Making of an American Legend. Sam Cold came from a kind of difficult background.

His mother died when he was seven. He didn't take to his formal studies. But he liked taking things apart and putting them back together again, he also liked explosives. He was kind of a prankster. and it got him in a lot of trouble.

After his expulsion. Colt's father enlists his troublesome 16-year-old boy as a seaman on a ship that will be sailing halfway around the world to Calcutta, India. His father hopes that the journey will teach his son responsibility. and that he will learn a trade as a seaman. But instead, the trip fills Samuel Colt with another idea.

Colt is fascinated by guns and believes there's a way to make them better.

Okay. It's the early 19th century. Battles are fought with sabers and single-shot muskets. Here's Ashley Lubinsky, curator at the Cody Firearms Museum in Cody, Wyoming, explaining the limited and cumbersome nature of guns at the time. You had to load it from the top of the gun and you took a whole cartridge, which was powder, the projectile, and paper, and you would end up putting it down the barrel with a rod.

So loading single shotguns weren't horribly efficient. It would take you about a minute or so to load three shots if you were really good. Colt has a revolutionary idea inspired by the giant steering wheel on his ship. He sees that the mechanisms that are used Yeah. Steer and control these ships had ratchets, and when they rotated the wheel, it would cock, and these ratchets would hold it in place.

Like the ship's wheel with axles, spokes, a barrel, and handles. Colt notices that regardless of which way the ship's wheel spins, Each spoke always came in direct line with a clutch that could be set to hold it. Colt envisions a firearm with a cylinder that can turn after each shot and lock. and then be fired multiple times. While on board the ship, Colt carves a wooden prototype of a revolving cylinder mechanism out of scrap wood.

This is the beginning. of the revolver. When Colt returns to America, he's a young man determined to turn his vision into a reality. At an early age, the young entrepreneur developed a hustler's streak. From 1832 to 1836, Colt travels throughout America as Dr.

Colt, spelled C-O-U-L-T, as the playbills read. Giving demonstrations of the newly discovered nitrous oxide or Laughing Gas. And Out Where the West begins, Phil Ann shoots add some color. Clad in a fashionable coat and top hat, and surrounded by smoking beakers, wax demons, mummies, and exploding fireworks. Colt persuaded spectators to sniff a bag coated with nitrous oxide.

Sam guaranteed his audience a good half hour's laugh at the resulting spectacle. Colt's mix of salesmanship with showmanship is on par with the likes of P.T. Barnum. While touring the country, Colt goes looking for investors interested in his revolver. And your revolver?

Ah. It always keeps you loaded. This is going to revolutionize the world. He is the consummate salesman. When Sam Cole would come to you and ask for money, He's so over the top, and he's such a unique personality.

It's gonna completely win over whoever he's asking. With the help of wealthy New Jersey relatives and friends, Colt raises $230,000, the equivalent of over $6 million today, and begins manufacturing his revolver.

So, what do you think? Am I onto something? There were bugs at first. You don't want any chance. That if you pull the trigger on a revolver, more than one bullet's gonna go off at the same time.

or even blow up the cylinder. And you've been listening to our own Greg Hengler tell the story of Samuel Colt. He grew up early in affluence, but by the ages of six through 14, he lost his mother, his sister, both of them to TB, lost two more relatives to suicide. And then he's off on his own. And he didn't take to formal studies.

By the way, neither did the Wright brothers, there's so many. innovators and inventors that we tell the stories of in our American stories. But my goodness, he loved to take things apart and put them back together. And of course, what we learn also is that he was part engineer, part salesman, part showman, and of course, innovator. When we come back, more of this American story, this classic American story, Samuel Colt's story here.

on our American stories. In the Lee Habib here again, and I'd like to encourage you to subscribe to our podcast on Apple Podcasts, the iHeartRadio app. Or wherever you get your podcasts. Every story we air here is uploaded there daily, and your support goes a long way to keeping the great stories you love from this show. coming again Please subscribe to the Our American Stories podcast at Apple Podcasts, the iHeartRadio app, or wherever you get your podcasts.

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Colt improves his design and in 1836 is awarded a patent to a .28 caliber five shot repeating firearm with a revolving cylinder. It's called the Colt Patterson, and it's like nothing the firearms industry has ever seen. Colt. is 23 years old. But Colt's new revolver is proving a tough sell.

Lawmen and military are not willing to take a chance in such a new and untested design. In 1842, after six years and a production run of 5,000 pistols and rifles, Colt declares bankruptcy and liquidates his assets. But 2,000 miles southwest in the new state of Texas, the Colt revolver is about to be put to the test. Here's Dr. Roger McGrath, author of Gunfighters, Highwaymen, and Vigilantes.

Sam Colt's first large sale of his revolver But not till the US Army. which rejected the gun outright, but to the Texas Navy. But plagued by lack of funding and political battles, The Texas Navy nearly ceased to exist by 1844. And its Colts revolvers then went to the Texas Rangers. The Rangers' first use of the revolvers came in the Battle of Walker's Creek in June 1844.

Jack Hayes and 15 of his rangers were out scouting for Comanche raiders. When the Comanche discovered them, The numbers were to the Comanche liking. Chief Yellow Wolf led more than 70 Comanche warriors. What Yellow Wolf and the other Comanche didn't count on was. The cult revolver.

And every ranger was armed with two colts. They were used to hearing the one shot go off, and then they all scrambled a load, and then the next shot goes off. But imagine then hearing bang, bang, bang. Yeah. Would have been incredibly powerful and something to be incredibly intimidated by.

After several failed attempts, at charging and overwhelming the outnumbered Rangers. McManchi broke and fled. dropping shields, lances, and bows. A Comanche chief. said he would never fight the Rangers again.

because they had a shot for every finger on their hands. On the ring! Then in 1846, the Mexican-American War breaks out after the constant border battles between Captain Samuel Walker and his Texas Rangers in the country of Mexico. For Walker and his men, the time it takes to reload a gun is often the difference between life. and death.

For every shot the Mexicans fire with their standard rifles, Walker's men can fire five. It's the beginning of a new era in warfare. Sam Walker began experimenting with how to use this. It's like, what do they got? What is this secret weapon?

This is something we've never seen before. You don't have to have a single shot. You don't have to load the gun every time you fire. You've got something that you can load several rounds in. On November 30th, 1846, Captain Samuel Walker writes Samuel Colt a letter.

that will change the course of history. That letter reports how the Colt pistol changed the way he and his Rangers fight. With a $25,000 U.S. government contract for a thousand pistols that Walker arranged. And with the design modifications that Walker suggested.

A larger gun with six shots rather than five. Sam Colt re-entered the gun manufacturing business in 1847. The revolver went through the process of user influence. influencing both design And also the practical use of the finger. They tinkered with this invention.

Colt develops a .44 caliber 4-pound 9-ounce revolver named the Walker after the man who made it happen. Increase the black powder by 60 grains. The barrel to nine inches. The Colt Walker is a much heavier gun, heavier caliber than Colt's original invention. But these Texas Rangers could handle that type of firearm.

Many consider the Walker the mightiest handgun of its day. With firepower that won't be matched for 90 years, until the release of the 357 Magnum. Colt's business soars, and the name Colt becomes synonymous with revolvers. Sam Colt created a brand around himself. And so, what he was trying to establish there was that he was the guy, he was the brand.

When you saw him, you thought success. But Colt's most revolutionary idea isn't in his new design. It's in how he puts it together. More than half a century before Henry Ford used mass production assembly lines in his automobile factories. Colt employed them to produce his revolvers in his enormous Hartford Armory beginning in the 1850s.

Using interchangeable parts, Colt's armory could turn out 150 weapons per day by 1856. The mass production allowed Colt to make his weapons more affordable to gun buyers settling in the West. Colt's mass production achievement is only matched by the revolver's quality. Samuel Colt is an absolute perfectionist. Americans are also taken with the way in which this pistol of industrialization was itself like a small factory.

It was a bullet firing machine as opposed to a single shot instrument. Once Cole perfected the system for mass-producing complex metal instruments like firearms, That system was readily adapted to make typewriters. Sewing machines, and eventually bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, cameras. You named In 1849, as the California gold rush begins, Colt develops the legendary 1840 pocket revolver. The single most successful pistol produced in his lifetime, with 325,000 sold by the time of his death.

Most historians agree that the most serious mistake Colt makes is firing employee Roland White after he presented him with a patent on a new innovation. Powder and ball in the front. Primer in the back. reloading would be much faster. Up until this time, the shooter poured powder into each of the six-cylinder mouths, then push a bullet over the powder.

and then load a percussion cap on the rear of the cylinder. making the reloading process cumbersome. To say the least. Roll and White came up with this idea for a board-through cylinder that would allow you to load the firearm from the rear. It's not something cold hat.

The fire from one shot will set off every chamber. Hmm. It's dangerous. And you've been listening to our own Greg Hengler tell the story of Samuel Colt, who overcame problems early in the development of this revolver, including a bankruptcy proceeding. proving that there's rarely a smooth road to success.

for American entrepreneurs, but soon Colt got his big break. and not from the U.S. Army, not a contract from the Army, but from from the Texas Navy. And those guns ended up in the hands of the Texas Rangers. By the way, the revolver solved this problem at the time it took to reload the single shotgun.

Well, it was a life and death matter. This secret weapon, this revolver that could fire again and again. You didn't need to reload the gun. every time you took a shot. It was a bullet-firing machine, we learned, and it would change the way we fight.

there was no mightier handgun until Smith and Wesson came out with the three fifty seven Magnum. By 1856, Colt was mass producing these guns and his mass production talents while they would spill out into other products, from sewing machines to just about everything else. And by the way, doing it while making Quality weapons. When we come back, we'll find out what happens next in the life of Samuel Colt here. on our American stories.

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credit and collateral subject to approval. Navy Federal is insured by NCUA. And we continue with our American stories and the story of Samuel Colt. Let's pick up where we last left off. With almost a complete monopoly on the revolver, Colt isn't ready to take a chance on something new.

Here's Mitt Romney.

Okay. My dad used to say There's nothing as vulnerable. as entrenched success. Sundas of an enterprise feels it has no real competition. It becomes complacent.

And ultimately, it can get wiped out by a small upstart that comes out with a better product. Fired by Colt, Roland White takes his groundbreaking idea to two men who intend to be Colt's biggest rivals. Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson. They jump at White's patent and gladly pay him a royalty. With this move, one of the most iconic names in gunmaking is born.

Smith and Wesson. Samuel Colt built his business on the back of the Mexican-American War.

Now is just a drop in the bucket compared to the impact of the gold rush and Western migration. Then, in the summer of 1856, Colt marries 29-year-old Elizabeth Hart. the daughter of a devoutly Christian and affluent Newport family. But as the eighteen fifties draw to a close, the southern states begin arming themselves. Colt has been supplying arms to the U.S.

military for years. But the military is about to be split in two. It's time for Samuel Colt to decide where his loyalties lie. How can I be of service? I'm here representing some gentlemen that are dedicated to a cause.

When you're on the outbreak of war, there is a really difficult problem. That arises from firearms manufacturing. And that is The balance between loyalty, being a good businessman. In this case, this is a war breaking out in the United States between the North and the South. This is in America and the other guy.

This is. They're ho In 1860, just one year before the Civil War begins, Colt sells the modern equivalent of more than $3 million worth of guns to the South. A risky move for a northern businessman. Colt gets labeled a southern sympathizer. and worse.

A traitor. Sam Colt got into a lot of trouble on the eve of the Civil War because he also was believed to be arming The South, but in fact, Colt supplied arms to both sides before the war. After the war began, that stopped. At the outbreak of the Civil War. Colt doubles the size of his armory and his factory is operating around the clock.

But for Sam Colt, the success he craved and achieved would ironically contribute. To his death. On January 10th, 1862. Samuel Colt dies of gout complications at the age of 47. By this time, Samuel Colt has made and sold.

One million guns. His 35-year-old widow Elizabeth is left in control of the company and a personal fortune of $15 million, the equivalent of over $300 million today. Elizabeth keeps the business running. even as the war wages on. After losing four children and a husband within five years, Elizabeth has begun to emerge from a year of mourning.

Then I On February 5th, 1864. Colt's armory bursts into flames and burns to the ground. Elizabeth stands at her window. and watches her husband's vision go up in flames. Many believe Confederate sympathizers started the blaze.

However, no one ever discovers the real cause. Elizabeth resolves to rebuild the armory while continuing wartime operations in an unburned wing of the building. Elizabeth Colt would also continue to innovate. Eventually, producing what would become the most famous Colt gun of them all. The Colt 45.

also known as the Peacemaker. and what we know now as the gun that won the West. It is still in production to this very day. Here again is Dr. Roger McGrath.

While much has been made of the 1873 Colt Peacemaker, And rightfully so. Many of the famous gunmen of the Old West quickly replaced their single action peacemakers. with Colt's new double action revolvers in eighteen seventy seven. Gold offered the new revolver. in a .38 caliber Which was called the lightning.

And then a .41 caliber. which was christened the Thunderer. Among the many gunslingers who quickly adopted Colt's new revolver. Or Billy the Kid? In John Wesley Hardin.

When the Civil War finally ends, America is transformed in countless ways. not least of which is gun ownership. Most of the soldiers come home. with a prized possession. The Civil War really marks a turning point for firearms in American history with a revolver and with mass production really taking off.

People were able to serve. buying revolvers. It's really the birth of... A huge movement in America with firearms People are still carrying the revolver because it's a reliable gun today. Colt transformed his products into icons.

And his cult revolvers became fixed in the American imagination as the very symbol of Western independence. The story of the Colt Company after Colt family ownership continues to be one of innovation in weaponry. the Gatlin gun, Browning rifles and machine guns. and the M16. During the 19th century, Samuel Colt did for pistols what fellow Connecticut native Eli Terry did for clocks.

He made guns affordable for the average American. Couple that with the spread of armaments after the Civil War and what you have as an American inheritance passed on from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. And a terrific job on the production, editing, and storytelling by our own Greg Kengler. And my goodness, it's so true what Mitt Romney said: there is nothing as vulnerable. is entrenched success, whether it be a business or your own life.

And what do you know? On the heels of Colt's incredible and remarkable journey. comes the competition. Smith and Wesson. And it comes on hard, but also coming on at the time was the Civil War.

And of course, finally and regrettably, Colt had to choose sides. It wasn't easy for him, and he chose to sell to the South predominantly three million guns to the South in 1860 alone. And, of course, what came with it. He was called a southern sympathizer and, worse, a traitor to his nation. But Colt's operation doubled in size.

And by 1862, He'd made and sold a whopping one million. million guns. He dies young, and his wife, Elizabeth, takes over the business. And this happens time and again in American life. Family second generation, wives third generation, keep the business relevant.

And this happened with the cults, not every second gen or third. Trash is the place. And she ended up With her team coming up with the Cult 45, the staple. But it's still around today with the nickname The Peacemaker. Cult made guns.

available and affordable. For all Americans, for ordinary Americans, this may have been the primary accomplishment of Colt, his mass manufacturing prowess. The very same thing we learned from our Henry Ford story that Ford did. the American people made cars more affordable and more effective and efficient. The story of Samuel Colt, a classic American story here.

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