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He passed in 2002, but his epic storytelling accounts can now be heard here at Our American Stories, thanks to those who run his estate. Our next story is the story of weapons used in World War II. Here is Stephen Ambrose. transport in the Second World War. Again, utilize nothing really new.
Trucks were used. Of course, trucks had been used in the First World War. especially at the Battle of Verdun by Marshal Pétain. The railroad was extensively used in the Second World War. It had also been extensively used in the First World War.
Much of the Second World War transport in the European armies, especially the Red Army and the German Army, was horse-drawn. Hitler tried to give the world the impression that he had the most modern army, and in a lot of ways he did, but it wasn't as modern as he. like to pretend that it was or the German pro propaganda portrayed it as being.
Okay. For all the pictures that Goebbels released of German tanks rolling down French roads. and German trucks following behind. For the most part, the logistical supply system of the German army was rail drawn from depot to depot, and then from the depots out into the field was horse-drawn. That was even more the case with the Red Army.
Which, in fact, used horses as extensively in the Second World War as it had in the First. Although in the First World War there were still some cavalry units that were attempting to joined the battle in the old-fashioned way with the drawn saber and the charge, and that came to a quick end even in the First World War and was never used in the Second World War. And as a bit of an aside, there's a canard here that is repeated all over the place and is not true. It is that the Poles in 1939 tried to fight German armor with cavalry charging tanks. It's a story told to illustrate, I guess, how poorly prepared the poles were, and it's very often told by people who want to make you think that the poles aren't very bright.
There was no Polish cavalry attack of German tanks in the Second World War. And as to brightness, the best mathematicians in the world and the guys that solved the whole enigma thing were Polish, and I think that's enough said about the Poles and intelligence. The best Truck of the war was a product of Detroit. And General Motors and others, the two and a half ton all-purpose truck, or deuce and a half as it was called. And they were manufactured in the tens of thousands and gotten over to the European theater and gave to the Allies in the campaign of Northwest Europe in 1944-45 an unprecedented mobility.
Never before equaled, never since matched.
So great was the mobility of the American Army in Northwest Europe that in the crisis of December 1944, Eisenhower was able to move 600,000 men in two weeks. That's way better than what Schwarzkopf had is his capability in the desert at the beginning of the 1990s. Another uh American vehicle that was widely loved. was the Jeep. It was built by three or four different manufacturers all using the same blueprints.
but developed in the United States and the envy of the world and remains, of course, uh the standard around the world for a light utility. Truck. for military purposes. It can get over any kind of terrain. extraordinarily reliable, very simple design, easy to fix.
Uh terrible to ride in. But they got you to where you wanted to go. It's interesting here. that the land of Mercedes and BMW and Volkswagen got out-produced by the land of Ford Chrysler and Chevrolet. We out-produced them, we out-designed them.
Better vehicles. and way more of them. It was one of the triumphs of American industry. The most unusual uh transportation vehicle. of the war was the duck.
These were amphibious vehicles that could go at up to 10 knots. In the water, and were much more reliable than swimming tanks. I mean, these babies really could swim. and could handle a even a moderate open channel sea and were fabulous for crossing rivers. and then we're just a dream to ride on.
because they had great big rubber wheels once they got on shore. And they could go down an Audubon at a top speed of 50 miles an hour. It was a very soft, cushy ride for up to a squad of men. on each duck or they could carry ammunition or other things. Oh, and weapons, I forgot to talk about grenades.
When you're setting up that defensive position, you also make sure all those infantry have plentier grenades. The American fragmentation grenade was probably the best grenade of the war. Although it had severe limitations of which the most obvious was you couldn't throw it very far because it was so heavy. It'd damn near tear your socket out when you were throwing it. It was a lot heavier than a baseball and not much bigger than a baseball and Americans tended to want to throw it like a baseball and they'd throw their socket out.
very often in doing it. And even with that, you couldn't throw the darn thing very far. Because it was so heavy. The German potato masher, as it was called, you all know what those look like. The round canister with the explosive and the.
Steel around it, and then the long wooden handle, and you could take those babies and really toss them a long way. The problem was. that if it landed over there and two GIs are standing here talking and they see a potato masher land over there, they saw a fragmentation grenade, an American fragmentation grenade over there, whoof, they're on the ground. They see a potato masher over there and they just watch in interest. It's really not much more explosive power than a firecracker.
So you could throw it a long way, but it didn't do an awful lot of damage. Before leaving the land weapons of war, one uh uh other one Poison gas, the one weapon that was not used. in the Second World War. There had been agreements signed between the wars, really the first time that sovereign nations had agreed to limit their ability to kill other people. in a war situation.
Agreements to ban poison gas. It was very much an open question, however, as World War II began whether. this agreement would be adhered to. It was. In general, I think the reason that it was is that, first of all, poison gas isn't all that good a weapon.
At least the poison gases that were available in the First World War. Click the It didn't have a long-lasting effect. Man recovery was fairly quick from poison gas. It had to. Very big disadvantage that it depended upon the wind.
You could fire poison gas shells and they would go off, but then obviously your weapon, which is the gas itself, is dependent on the wind. If the wind dies, or if the wind shifts, and it very often happens, the wind would shift, you fire off some poison gas and it comes back in the face of your guys. Because of that shift in the wind. That's one reason poison gas wasn't used in the Second World War, but I think the bigger reason. Or wise.
The experience of the combatants of the First World War with gas, after what I've just said, let me add to this: it's terrible, it's just an awful thing for a human being to be gassed. And almost everybody who was in the First World War was. And they all had an agreement, including and probably most important of all, Adolf Hitler. And they all of them decide, this is an inhumane weapon. And if Hitler wasn't going to use it, nobody else was going to use it.
Everybody kept up their stockpiles. Everybody was ready to retaliate if the other guy began using poison gas. But if it was going to be used, it was going to be the Germans who would do it, and they didn't. Yeah. Apparently the reason is because Hitler himself had the experience of being gassed.
And you've been listening to Stephen Ambrose talking about the weapons of World War II. Go to Our American Stories and type in Stephen Ambrose, and you can hear more of these stories about the weapons of World War II as well. My goodness, on the transportation front, the deuce and a half, of course, the Jeep. And of course, the way we produced planes, we'll run just knocking out a plane every minute. And not just any plane, but the B-24 Liberator.
And of course, then his discussion about poison gas. And how even Hitler thought this was unbecoming and just a devastating weapon of war. Thankfully and luckily, no one used this weapon of war. in World War II. Stephen Ambrose on the weapons of war.
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